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Review
. 1999 Apr;19(4):2435-44.
doi: 10.1128/MCB.19.4.2435.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases: specific messages from ubiquitous messengers

H J Schaeffer  1 , M J Weber
Affiliations
Review

Mitogen-activated protein kinases: specific messages from ubiquitous messengers

H J Schaeffer et al. Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Apr.
No abstract available

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Figures

FIG. 1
FIG. 1
Schematic overview of MAPK modules. (A) In S. cerevisiae, five MAPK modules regulate mating, filamentation, high-osmolarity responses, cell wall remodeling, and sporulation. (B) Mammalian MAPK modules regulate cell growth, differentiation, stress responses, and development. Abbreviations: MAPKK, MAPK kinase; MAPKKK, MAPK kinase kinase.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
Scaffold and adapter molecules in MAPK pathways. MAPK scaffolds and adapters (gray shading) are thought to promote the formation of oligomeric protein complexes with components that function in a specific MAPK module. Scaffolds have been identified in S. cerevisiae (Ste5 and Pbs2) and mammals (MP1 and JIP1). MKK4 may have scaffolding properties comparable to those of PBS2.
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
cAMP can act as a molecular switch to generate isoform specificity. In the absence of cAMP, both B-Raf and c-Raf-1 can be activated by p21ras. High levels of cAMP inhibit activation of c-Raf-1 and activate the small GTP-binding protein Rap1, which then can selectively activate B-Raf in a Ras-independent manner.
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
Jun can be targeted by two MAPK modules in Drosophila. During eye development, Jun is activated by the ERK cascade and cooperates with Pointed to regulate differentiation of photoreceptors. During embryonal development Jun is activated by the JNK pathway to regulate dorsal closure. JNKK, JNK kinase.
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
MAPK modules can induce specific responses by signaling to unique and common downstream targets. Unique and common substrates can induce separate responses (A) or cooperate to induce a coordinated response (B).
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
Activation of Ste12 by Fus3 or Kss1 induces distinct biologic responses. Mating-specific genes can be induced when Ste12 binds to pheromone response elements (PRE). Induction of filamentation-specific genes requires cooperative binding of Ste12 and Tec1 to a specific filamentation response element (FRE). Additional signals other than MAPK activity may be necessary to regulate Tec1 or to target Ste12 to specific response elements. Inactive Kss1 can cooperate with Dig1/2 to repress Ste12 activity. Derepression of Ste12 requires phosphorylation of Dig1/2 by MAPK Fus3 or Kss1.
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References

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