Immunotoxicity of pesticides: a review

Abstract

The intricate balance that is the hallmark of the immune system shows vulnerability to any chemical, including pesticides, that can cause structural and functional alterations to the system. The immunotoxic effects of xenobiotics include: histopathologic effects in immune tissues and organs; cellular pathology; altered maturation of immunocompetent cells; changes in B and T cell subpopulations; and functional alterations of immunocompetent cells. Pesticides, including fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides, are the only class of chemicals deliberately released into the environment because of their toxicity. Around the world, millions of people are exposed to pesticides at work and/or in their home. This article reviews evidence, from animal and human studies, on the effects of pesticides on the immune system.