Diesel exhaust particles induce NF-kappa B activation in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro: importance in cytokine transcription

Abstract

Fine particles derived from diesel engines (diesel exhaust particles, DEP) have attracted attention, since their density in industrial countries seems related to the increased prevalence of pulmonary diseases. Previous studies have suggested that DEP have a potential to directly activate airway epithelial cells to produce and release inflammatory cytokines and mediators, and thus facilitate inflammatory responses in the lung. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of their action, we studied here IL-8 gene expression, one of the important cytokines in inflammatory responses, by Northern blot analysis and run-on transcription assay. Suspended DEP (1-50 microgram/ml) increased the steady state levels of IL-8 mRNA, which was suggested to be largely due to increased transcriptional rates. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that DEP induced increased binding to the specific motif of NF-kappa B, but not of transcription factor AP-1. The luciferase reporter gene assay using wild-type and mutated NF-kappa B-binding sequences showed that DEP-induced NF-kappa B activation was involved in IL-8 transcription. Finally, both N-acetylcysteine and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuated the action of DEP on IL-8 mRNA expression, suggesting that oxidant-mediated pathway might be involved in its processes. These results suggested that DEP activate NF-kappa B, which might be an important mechanism of its potential to increase the expression of inflammatory cytokines in vitro.