Functional appliances and functional regulators

Abstract

Patients with dental malocclusions and facial-skeletal problems often have unattractive facial and dental features that can create social and emotional problems such as lack of self-confidence and poor self-image. In addition, a number of medical problems are associated with facial-skeletal disharmonies. Here, we review three functional appliances--the Schwarz, Bionator, and Frankel III --that can be used to correct dental and facial-skeletal problems.