Extracellular phosphate ions cause apoptosis of terminally differentiated epiphyseal chondrocytes

Abstract

Epiphyseal chondrocytes end their life cycle through apoptosis. While this event provides a mechanism for the removal of terminally differentiated cells from cartilage, agents that promote this physiological process have not been defined. To address this issue, using a cell culture technique that models events that take place in the growth plate, we asked the following questions: Can agents that promote chondrocyte maturation and cartilage mineralization serve as specific triggers for cell death? Are chondrocytes susceptible to apoptogens at a singular developmental stage? Treatment of embryonic tibial chondrocytes with inorganic phosphate (Pi) induced death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Within 48 hr, 3 mM Pi increased chondrocyte death by 30%; lower concentrations of Pi induced death after 48 hr. To ascertain if death was due to apoptosis, we evaluated Pi-induced death by a number of different methods and compared the results to those induced by the apoptogen, staurosporine. Analysis of the death process indicated that cartilage cells shared many of the common biological features of the apoptotic process. Thus, there was DNA fragmentation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL) labeling, an increase in cells in the sub-G1 fraction of the cell cycle, and morphological evidence of apoptosis. To explore the specificity of the Pi effect, the experiment was repeated using embryonic sternal cephalic and caudal chondrocytes, cells that are at an earlier developmental stage than the terminally differentiated tibial cells. We noted that these cells remained vital despite a major increase in the medium Pi content. Results of this study suggest that Pi is a stage-specific inducer of apoptosis in maturing chondrocytes and that this role may be linked to chondrocyte maturation and mineralization of the extracellular matrix.