Thickness of human articular cartilage in joints of the lower limb

Abstract

Objectives: (a) To determine the topographical variations in cartilage thickness over the entire surfaces of cadaveric lower limb joints, and (b) to examine the correlations between: cartilage thickness and its site specific modulus; cartilage thickness and donor age, weight, height, and body mass index.

Methods: The cartilage thickness of 11 sets of cadaveric human joints each comprising an ankle, knee, and hip was measured using a needle probe technique. Statistical analysis was used to compare the cartilage thickness of the different lower limb joints and the differences in cartilage thickness over the surface of individual joints. It was further examined whether cartilage had a correlation with its stiffness, and any of the details of the specimen donors such as age, weight, height, and body mass index.

Results: The mean cartilage thickness of the knee was significantly greater than that of the ankle and hip (p < 0.001) in all 11 sets of joints, while the cartilage thickness of the hip was significantly greater than that of the ankle in 10 sets of joints (p < 0.001). The mass of specimen donors was found to correlate with the mean cartilage thickness of all three lower limb joints. A correlation was also found between the height of donors and the mean cartilage thickness of the knee and hip joints, while only in the ankle joint was a correlation found between the mean cartilage thickness and the body mass index of the specimen donors. A further correlation was found between cartilage thickness and its modulus; the thinner the cartilage, the higher the modulus.

Conclusions: The thickness of articular cartilage seems to be related to the congruance of a joint; thin cartilage is found in congruent joints such as the ankle, whereas thick cartilage is found in incongruent joints such as the knee. The correlations in this study imply that the larger and heavier was a donor the thicker was the cartilage in the lower limb joints. The data further suggest the presence of an inverse relation between the mean cartilage thickness and mean compressive modulus in each of the joints examined.

Figure 1

Response of load and displacement transducers for cartilage thickness measurement.

Figure 2

Distinct areas of the lower limb joints (A, B, C: posterior, superior, and anterior areas of the acetabulum respectively; D, E, F, G: superior, anterior, and posterior areas of the femoral head respectively; H, I: patellar surface and femoral condyles respectively; J, K: tibial areas of the knee covered by the menisci and those that come into direct contact with the femur respectively; L, M: talar and tibial areas of the ankle respectively).

Figure 3

Variation of mean cartilage thickness of the lower limb joints with details of the specimen donors. (A) age, (B) mass, (C) height, (D) body mass index.

Figure 4

Variation of cartilage thickness modulus. (A) Each ankle, knee, and hip, (B) each site on all ankles, (C) each site on all knees, (D) each site on all hips.