Amniotic fluid embolism and isolated disseminated intravascular coagulation

Abstract

Purpose: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a well-known complication of an amniotic fluid embolus. However, clinical experience has shown that, in some patients, clinical hemorrhage may be the initial presentation. Mortality in this subset of patients is high. This report describes a patient with a suspected amniotic fluid embolus who survived and in whom the initial presentation was post partum hemorrhage.

Clinical features: During the post delivery repair of a fourth degree perineal tear a 29 yr old prima gravida was noted to have excessive vaginal bleeding despite a well contracted uterus. Laboratory investigations revealed a decrease in hemoglobin from 126 g x l(-1) to 86 g x l(-1) and a severe disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (PT 27.5 sec, APPT 149 sec, direct fibrinogen < 0.6 g x l(-1), FDP > 640 g x l(-1)). Treatment included massive blood component therapy and, eventually, total abdominal hysterectomy. The patient subsequently recovered without sequelae. In the absence of any other explanation, the coagulopathy was considered to be secondary to amniotic fluid embolus.

Conclusion: Amniotic fluid embolus remains an important cause of maternal mortality. Clinical reports, reviews of the literature, and the development of the national registry have all contributed to our understanding of this syndrome. Contrary to earlier beliefs, not all patients present with sudden cardiorespiratory collapse. As the present case illustrates, a less common presentation is the development of an isolated DIC in the peripartum period without antecedent hemodynamic or respiratory instability. Therefore, anesthesiologists must maintain a high index of suspicion for the disorder in order to facilitate early recognition and treatment.