Analysis of heart rate variability five minutes before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Abstract

Background: Various experimental and clinical observations suggest changes in sympathetic and vagal neural regulatory mechanisms play a critical role in altering cardiac electrical properties and favor the occurrence of arrhythmic events. There is limited information about the influences of the autonomic tone on the development of episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with no evidence of organic heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in sympatho-vagal balance 5 minutes before the onset of atrial fibrillation.

Methods: We evaluated 28 patients with no history of heart disease who were not undergoing pharmacological treatment and who had at least one episode of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation recorded during an 24-hour ECG Holter monitoring. We analyzed values of frequency domain heart rate variability parameters 5 minutes before the onset of atrial fibrillation (prefa period) compared to an equivalent period at least 1 hour after from atrial fibrillation (random period).

Results: Thirty-six episodes of atrial fibrillation were recorded and our results showed we had two types of episodes. Eighteen were classified as Type A, in which we had an increase of low frequency (LF) (79.15 +/- 10.76 in comparison with 62.64 +/- 19.55) (P = 0.004) and a decrease of high frequency (HF) (20.82 +/- 10.74 in comparison with 37.64 +/- 20.20) (P = 0.004) consistent with an increase of sympathetic tone; and 18 were classified as Type B in which there was a decrease of LF (62.82 +/- 15.38 in comparison with 85.97 +/- 8.48) (P < 0.001), and an increase of HF (36.79 +/- 14.72 compared with 14.01 +/- 8.48) (P < 0.001), consistent with an increase of parasympathetic tone.

Conclusion: We observed abrupt changes in sympathovagal balance in the last 5 minutes preceding an episode of atrial fibrillation. This can be related to a double behavior in the neurogenic drive: in Type A episodes there is an increase of the LF spectrum, LF:HF ratio, and a decrease of the HF spectrum consistent with an increase of neurogenic sympathetic drive; in Type B episodes there is a reduction of the LF spectrum, LF/HF ratio, and an increase of HF spectrum consistent with an enhancement of the neurogenic parasympathetic drive. In some patients, we found that the two mechanisms operate during different hours of the day and that sometimes there is an increase of sympathetic tone, and in the same instances an increase of parasympathetic tone. Heart-rate variability measures fluctuation in autonomic inputs to the heart rather than the mean level of autonomic impulse; autonomic imbalance is probably more important than the vagal or sympathetic drive alone.