Sequence requirements for the nuclear localization of the murine cytomegalovirus M44 gene product pp50

Abstract

The murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) M44 gene product pp50 is normally present in the nuclei of virus-infected cells. During transient expression of pp50 in COS-1 cells, the phosphoprotein was readily detectable in the nuclei, indicating that it possesses a nuclear localization signal (NLS). Studies on the subcellular locations of N- and C-terminal deletion mutants of pp50 suggested that alterations in both the C terminus and the highly conserved N-terminal domains of pp50 affect nuclear localization. In particular, the C-terminal 11 amino acids of pp50, which includes a "KKQK" motif, were able to mediate the import of a beta-galactosidase fusion protein into the nucleus. The pair of lysine residues in this motif constitutes an essential element of the C-terminal NLS as mutation of this motif to AAQK directly affected the nuclear localization of either pp50 or beta-galactosidase fusion proteins containing the C-terminal portion of pp50. Furthermore our results indicated that the functionality of the C-terminal NLS is dependent on the structural integrity of the highly conserved N-terminal portion of the molecule, as deletion of amino acids 157-201 alone adversely affected nuclear localization. In the absence of a functional C-terminal NLS, the subcellular localization of pp50 is sensitive to potential conformational changes induced by mutations within the N-terminal half of the molecule. Under those circumstances, mutation of the YK residues at position 22-23 or deletion of amino acids 267-283 was sufficient to produce a protein that was impaired in nuclear import or retention.