Recombinant Norwalk virus-like particles given orally to volunteers: phase I study

Abstract

Background & aims: Norwalk virus (NV) is a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. The NV capsid is composed of a single protein that forms recombinant (rNV) virus-like particles (VLPs). In mice, these VLPs are immunogenic when administered orally without adjuvant, and they elicit serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G and intestinal IgA responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of rNV VLPs in healthy volunteers.

Methods: Twenty antibody-positive adults were orally administered rNV VLPs in sterile Milli-Q water on days 1 and 21. Vaccine safety and serum rNV-specific total and subclass IgG and IgA antibody responses were monitored. The immune response induced by the VLPs was compared with the response elicited by replicating virus.

Results: No side effects were observed or reported by the volunteers. Serum IgG responses to rNV VLPs were dose-dependent, and all vaccinees given 250 microgram of rNV VLPs responded with >/=4-fold increases in serum IgG titers. Most of the volunteers (83%; 15 of 18) responded after the first rNV VLP dose and showed no increase in serum IgG titer after the second dose.

Conclusions: Orally administered rNV VLPs are safe and immunogenic in healthy adults when administered without adjuvant and are useful to test the mucosal delivery of immunogens.