Effect of facilitation of sensation from plantar foot-surface boundaries on postural stabilization in young and older adults

Abstract

Background: One of the more pervasive effects of aging is loss of cutaneous sensation, which appears to correlate with impaired postural control and increased risk of falling. This study examined the potential for compensating for the destabilizing effects of reduced cutaneous sensitivity by placing a raised edge underneath the perimeter of the plantar foot surface, so as to facilitate sensation from the stability boundaries of the base of support.

Methods: The main experiment involved 14 healthy older adults (aged 65-73) selected because they were known, from a previous study, to have moderate plantar cutaneous insensitivity. We also report results of an initial experiment involving 7 healthy young adults (aged 23-31). In both experiments, we studied effects of the plantar facilitation on control of rapid stepping reactions evoked by unpredictable postural perturbation, applied via sudden platform movement in forward, backward, and lateral directions. We also studied effects on "feet-in-place" responses evoked by continuous pseudorandom platform motion in mediolateral and anteroposterior directions. Subjects were blindfolded in all tests.

Results: Plantar facilitation reduced the incidence of "extra" limb movements, beyond the initial step, during forward-step reactions in the older adults. There also appeared to be an improved ability to control feet-in-place reactions: young subjects were better able to recover balance without stepping when falling backward (given instructions to "try not to step"), and both young and older subjects reduced the extent to which the center of foot pressure approached the posterior foot boundary during continuous anteroposterior platform motion.

Conclusions: This study provides evidence that mechanical facilitation of sensation from the boundaries of the plantar surface of the foot can improve the efficacy of certain types of stabilizing reactions evoked by unpredictable postural perturbation. The results may be directly transferable to the design of special footwear insoles to reduce instability and risk of falling in older adults.