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. 1999 Aug;65(8):3293-7.
doi: 10.1128/AEM.65.8.3293-3297.1999.

Abundance and diversity of Archaea in heavy-metal-contaminated soils

R A Sandaa  1 , O Enger, V Torsvik
Affiliations

Abundance and diversity of Archaea in heavy-metal-contaminated soils

R A Sandaa et al. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 Aug.

Abstract

The impact of heavy-metal contamination on archaean communities was studied in soils amended with sewage sludge contaminated with heavy metals to varying extents. Fluorescent in situ hybridization showed a decrease in the percentage of Archaea from 1.3% +/- 0.3% of 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-stained cells in untreated soil to below the detection limit in soils amended with heavy metals. A comparison of the archaean communities of the different plots by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed differences in the structure of the archaean communities in soils with increasing heavy-metal contamination. Analysis of cloned 16S ribosomal DNA showed close similarities to a unique and globally distributed lineage of the kingdom Crenarchaeota that is phylogenetically distinct from currently characterized crenarchaeotal species.

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Figures

FIG. 1
FIG. 1
DGGE profile and schematic representations of the main bands of the DGGE gel of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA from Archaea in soil with different amendments. ctrl, soil with N fertilization; A, low sludge-low metal; B, low sludge-high metal; C, high sludge-low metal; D, high sludge-high metal.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
Neighbor-joining analysis showing the relationship of eight partial sequences from a 16S rDNA library from low-sludge–low-metal soil (with suffix “a”) and high-sludge–high-metal soil (with suffix “d”) to nonthermophilic Crenarchaeota 16S rDNA sequences. The FFSB cluster is a crenarchaeotal cluster from a forest soil in Finland (X96690, X96688, and X96689) (19). The marine cluster consists of the clones U78202, U78198 (24), and M88075 (10), while the terrestrial cluster contains clones from agricultural soil (U62811, U62812, U62814, U62816, and U62819) (2) and fresh water sediment (U59979 and U59973) (18). The numbers are GenBank accession numbers. Sequences determined in this study are in boldface type. Numbers at branching points show results from bootstrap analysis. The median number of changes per sequence position is shown on the scale bar.
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