UVB exposure-induced systemic modulation of Th1- and Th2-mediated immune responses

Abstract

Exposure to ultraviolet light, especially UVB wavelengths, can impair immune responses in animals and humans. It is remarkable that this immunomodulation is not restricted to the exposed skin but is also found at other sites, i.e. systemic (distant) immunosuppression. A frequently proposed hypothesis is that UVB exposure inhibits, specifically, T helper 1 (Th1)-mediated immune responses. The major reason for this is that contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), both Th1-mediated immune responses, are very sensitive to UVB. For this reason these models are frequently used for photoimmunology studies. In the present study, the effects of UVB exposure were investigated in classical models for Th1-mediated immunity, i.e. CHS models in which picrylchloride or oxazolone were used as low-molecular-weight chemical antigens. In these models, CHS responsiveness and cytokines were measured, the latter by both reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The CHS responses to both contact sensitizers (picrylchloride and oxazolone) were suppressed significantly by pre-exposure to repeated suberythemal UVB exposure. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4, but not IL-10, were detectable in spleen and draining lymph nodes of sensitized BALB/c mice. Repeated UVB exposure prior to sensitization at a distant locus inhibited both IFN-gamma and IL-12 but not IL-4. In BALB/c mice sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) in the absence of complete Freund's adjuvant, a model for Th2-mediated immunity, OVA-specific serum IgE and cytokine profiles in the spleen were analysed. Sensitization did lead to a significant increase in OVA-specific IgE serum titres. Pre-exposure to UVB resulted in a decreased OVA-specific IgE serum titre. Both RT-PCR and ELISA showed increased levels of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10 in the spleens of OVA-sensitized mice. The production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 was not affected by UVB pre-exposure. In contrast, the production of IL-10 was significantly increased. This was probably caused by an up-regulation of Th2 cells. It is remarkable that IFN-gamma is significantly suppressed by UVB in Th1-mediated immune reactions but not in Th2-mediated immune reactions where it even appears to increase. IL-10, which is up-regulated by UVB pre-exposure and produced by, among others, Th2 cells, may represent a shift from Th1- to Th2-mediated immune mechanisms. However, IL-10 can also inhibit Th2 responses, which might be the reason for a decreased IgE titre in the Th2 model. From the results of this study it is concluded that UVB exposure prior to sensitization/immunization not only inhibits Th1-mediated but also Th2-mediated immune responses.

Figure 1

Upper three bars: contact hypersensitivity response ( × 10⁻⁴ cm±SE) to picryl chloride (PCl) in BALB/c mice 24 hr after topical ear challenge. (**) P < 0·01 compared with non-sensitized mice. (#) P < 0·05 compared with PCl-sensitized mice. Lower three bars: contact hypersensitivity response ( × 10⁻⁴ cm±SE) to oxazolone (OX) in BALB/c mice 24 hr after topical ear challenge. **P < 0·01 compared with non-sensitized mice. #P < 0·05 compared with oxazolone-sensitized mice.

Figure 2

Contact hypersensitivity response ( × 10⁻⁴ cm±SE) to picryl chloride (PCl) in interleukin-4 (IL-4) knockout mice (IL-4^−/−) and control littermates (IL-4^+/+) 24 hr after topical ear challenge. Non-sens, non-sensitized; PCl-sens, sensitized. *Significantly increased contact hypersensitivity response compared with non-sensitized mice (P < 0·05).