Strategies for early discharge of the hospitalized patient with community-acquired pneumonia

Abstract

The treatment of the hospitalized patient with uncomplicated CAP is changing, to include a brief period of intravenous antibiotics followed by oral therapy. The Classification of Community-Acquired Pneumonia or CoCAP is a stratification tool that categorizes patients as low-risk pneumonia, unstable pneumonia, or complicated pneumonia. Use of validated hospital admission criteria, combined with the CoCAP algorithm and evolving criteria for switching patients from intravenous to oral therapy provides a structure for organizing treatment of patients with CAP for caregivers. Patients who can be discharged early are those from the unstable pneumonia group, which includes patients who have had reversal of their metabolic problems and stabilization of comorbid conditions, and who have not developed any serious pneumonia-related complications. Prolonged courses of intravenous antibiotic therapy are being replaced with 2 to 3 day courses of intravenous hydration and antibiotics; a switch to oral therapy and hospital discharge can be achieved after the patient tolerates one dose of oral therapy. Parameters to watch include vital signs and white blood cell count. Provided these parameters are improving, although they may not have returned to normal, the patient can be switched to oral therapy. Although patient treatment guidelines and critical pathways are becoming widespread in disease management, CAP is one disease in which prospective studies have demonstrated that a reduction in hospital stay is safe. Patients, caregivers, and administrators are happy with the reduction in hospital LOS. Other treatment protocols are being explored, including a single dose of intravenous antibiotic prior to oral switch and all-oral regimens employing the newer fluoroquinolones.