Inhibition of the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism and P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor saquinavir by grapefruit juice components

Abstract

Aims: Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) are both expressed in the intestinal mucosa and present a barrier to oral drug delivery. CYP3A4 and P-gp share both overlapping tissue distribution and substrate specificity. Grapefruit juice interactions with CYP3A4 substrates are well documented and occur as a consequence of down regulation of intestinal CYP3A4. The aim of the present study was to screen grapefruit juice components against the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism and P-gp mediated transport of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor saquinavir.

Methods: Five grapefruit juice components: quercetin, naringin, naringenin, 6', 7'-dihydroxybergamottin and bergamottin were screened as potential inhibitors of the metabolism of saquinavir by human liver microsomes. The known CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole was also screened for inhibitory potential. These compounds were also screened as modulators of P-gp activity by assessing the directional transport of saquinavir across Caco-2 cell monolayers which express P-gp. The effect of verapamil, a known modulator of P-gp function, was also determined in these cell lines.

Results: On preincubation, 6', 7'-dihydroxybergamottin and bergamottin inhibited the metabolism of saquinavir, with IC50 values of 0.33+/-0.23 muM and 0.74+/-0.13 muM, respectively (n=3). Ketoconazole achieved an IC50 of 0. 55+/-0.12 muM (n=4). The other compounds studied failed to reach IC50 at concentrations of up to 100 muM. The transport of saquinavir in the basolateral-->apical (BL-->AP) direction exceeded that in the apical -->basolateral direction (AP-->BL), with apparent permeability coefficients of 199.2+/-15.8x10-7 cm s-1 and 8.00+/-1. 13x10-7 cm s-1, respectively (n=3) which is indicative of a polarized efflux mechanism. The ratio of BL-->AP/AP-->BL for saquinavir was 25, but in the presence of verapamil and ketoconazole this ratio was reduced to 3.6 and 4.0, respectively (n=3), indicating extensive inhibition of P-gp mediated saquinavir efflux. Of the grapefruit juice components studied only naringin and 6', 7'-dihydroxybergamottin had any appreciable effect, reducing the ratio to 7.6 and 7.1, respectively (n=3); but this was due solely to increased AP-->BL transport.

Conclusions: Grapefruit juice components inhibit CYP3A4-mediated saquinavir metabolism and also modulate, to a limited extent, P-gp mediated saquinavir transport in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The in vivo effects of grapefruit juice coadministration are most likely the result of effects on CYP3A4 (inhibition and down regulation) and only to a minor extent on modulation of P-gp function.

Figure 1

Representative radio-chromatogram of the metabolism of saquinavir (3 μm; 0.03 μCi) by human liver microsomes (0.1 mg; 10 min incubation).

Figure 2

Inhibition of saquinavir metabolism (3 μm; 0.03 μCi) by: (a) bergamottin (b) 6′,7′-dihydroxybergamottin (c) ketoconazole (d) quercetin, (e) naringin and (f) naringenin. Data represent the mean±s.d. of determinations in three individual human liver microsomal preparations, except (c), where n = 4. ▿ coincubations; • preincubations.

Figure 3

The cumulative transport of saquinavir (1 μm; 0.02 μCi) across Caco-2 cell monolayers in the basolateral→apical and apical→basolateral directions: (a) saquinavir alone (b) in the presence of verapamil (500 μm) and (c) in the presence of ketoconazole (500 μm). Data represent the mean±s.d. of three individual determinations. ▿ basolateral→apical direction; • apical→basolateral direction.

Figure 4

The effect of verapamil, ketoconazole and various grapefruit juice components on the directional transport of saquinavir (1 μm; 0.02 μCi) across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Data represent the mean±s.d. of three individual determinations. □ AP→BL transport, BL→AP transport.

Figure 5

The effects of verapamil, ketoconazole and grapefruit juice components on the ratio of basolateral→apical/apical→basolateral transport of saquinavir (1 μm; 0.02 μCi) in Caco-2 cell monolayers.