Sleep-related breathing disorder is an independent risk factor for systemic hypertension

Abstract

The exact influence of sleep-related breathing disorder (SRBD) on blood pressure control remains unknown. We investigated the influence of different degrees of SRBD on daytime blood pressure and its association to documented hypertension by examining 1,190 consecutive patients referred for diagnosis of SRBD. The protocol includes clinical interview, physical examination, office blood pressure measurement, cholesterol, and blood gas analysis. Unattended home monitoring of nocturnal breathing was performed for assessment of SRBD activity (respiratory disturbance index [RDI]). RDI was independently and linearly associated with systolic blood pressure (unstandardized coefficient [B] = 0.07 +/- 0.03, p = 0.03), diastolic blood pressure (B = 0.07 +/- 0.02, p = 0 < 0.001), and heart rate (B = 0.10 +/- 0.02, p < 0.001) at rest. The relative risk for hypertension (blood pressure >/= 160/95 mm Hg) increased with SRBD severity (odds ratio [OR], 4.15 for RDI >/= 40 versus < 5 [95% CI, 2.7 to 6.5]). This relative risk was also elevated in younger (</= 50 yr) compared with older patients (> 50 yr) (OR, 7.15 versus 2.70 for RDI >/= 40 versus < 5). These cross-sectional clinical data suggest a relationship between SRBD severity and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate after control for confounders such as body mass index (BMI), age, alcohol/nicotine consumption, cholesterol level, and daytime PO(2) and PCO(2). SRBD is an independent risk factor for systemic hypertension with an increased likelihood in subjects </= 50 yr of age.