Noninvasive measurement of the hydrostatic pressure in a fluid-filled cavity based on the disappearance time of micrometer-sized free gas bubbles

Abstract

A new method for noninvasive pressure measurement, based on the disappearance time of micrometer-sized free gas bubbles, is described in this article. An ultrasound (US) contrast agent, consisting of encapsulated gas bubbles, is used as a vehicle to transport the free gas bubbles to the desired region where the pressure is to be measured. The small free gas bubbles are generated at the region of interest (e.g., heart chambers), from the encapsulated gas bubbles, which rupture when they are exposed to a single low-frequency (e.g., 0.5 MHz), high acoustic amplitude US burst. The released gas bubbles persist for only a few ms and dissolve in the liquid, depending on their size, the gas, the liquid characteristics and ambient parameters such as temperature, gas concentration and pressure. A pressure-disappearance time relationship is determined using a sequence of high-frequency (e.g., 10 MHz), low acoustic amplitude US pulses. From in vitro experiments, reproducible results show a significant difference between the disappearance time of the bubbles as function of the local pressure, resulting in a quicker disappearance of the bubble for higher values of the pressure. The sensitivity of the method to small pressure changes (50 mmHg) is demonstrated.