Homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) interact to increase CAD risk in young men and women

Abstract

A biochemical link between homocysteine (tHcy) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] related to fibrin binding has been proposed. This hypothesis has not been specifically examined in human subjects. We sought to determine in a clinical setting whether these risk factors would interact to increase coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 750 men and 403 women referred to a preventive cardiology clinic at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, in whom baseline tHcy and Lp(a) data were available. Logistic regression after adjusting for standard cardiovascular risk factors was used to estimate the relative risk of CAD in patients with an Lp(a) >/=30 mg/dL and a tHcy >/=17 micromol/L. Neither isolated high tHcy (odds ratio [OR]=1.06, P=0.89) nor isolated high Lp(a) (OR=1.15, P=0.60) appeared to be associated with CAD in women. However, strong evidence of an association was seen when both risk factors were present (OR=4.83, P=0.003). Moreover, this increased risk showed evidence of an interactive effect beyond that attributable to either additive or multiplicative effects of tHcy and Lp(a) (P=0.03). In contrast, both elevated tHcy (OR=1.93, P=0. 05) and elevated Lp(a) (OR=1.87, P=0.01) showed evidence of being independent risk factors for CAD in men. The presence of both risk factors in men did not appear to confer additional risk (OR=2.00, P=0.09), even though ORs as high as 12.4 were observed within specific age intervals. Consistent with prior studies, tHcy and Lp(a) are risk factors, either independently or in concert, for CAD in this clinical population. More significantly, we found evidence that when both risk factors were present in women, the associated risk was greater than what would be expected if the 2 risks were simply acting independently. The absence of such an interactive effect in men may be due to the confounding effects of age manifested as "survivor bias." These clinical findings provide insights into the potential roles of both tHcy and Lp(a) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.