Localization of the gene for a novel autosomal recessive neurodegenerative Huntington-like disorder to 4p15.3

Abstract

A consanguineous family affected by an autosomal recessive, progressive neurodegenerative Huntington-like disorder, was tested to rule out juvenile-onset Huntington disease (JHD). The disease manifests at approximately 3-4 years and is characterized by both pyramidal and extrapyramidal abnormalities, including chorea, dystonia, ataxia, gait instability, spasticity, seizures, mutism, and intellectual impairment. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings include progressive frontal cortical atrophy and bilateral caudate atrophy. Huntington CAG trinucleotide-repeat analyses ruled out JHD, since all affected individuals had repeat numbers within the normal range. The presence of only four recombinant events (straight theta=.2) between the disease and the Huntington locus in 20 informative meioses suggested that the disease localized to chromosome 4. Linkage was initially achieved with marker D4S2366 at 4p15.3 (LOD 3.03). High-density mapping at the linked locus resulted in homozygosity for markers D4S431 and D4S394, which span a 3-cM region. A maximum LOD score of 4.71 in the homozygous interval was obtained. Heterozygosity at the distal D4S2366 and proximal D4S2983 markers defines the maximum localization interval (7 cM). Multiple brain-related expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with no known disease association exist in the linkage interval. Among the three known genes residing in the linked interval (ACOX3, DRD5, QDPR), the most likely candidate, DRD5, encoding the dopamine receptor D5, was excluded, since all five affected family members were heterozygous for an intragenic dinucleotide repeat. The inheritance pattern and unique localization to 4p15.3 are consistent with the identification of a novel, autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative Huntington-like disorder.

Figure 1

Pedigree of an inbred family affected with a novel neurodegenerative Huntington-like disorder. Double marriage lines indicate consanguineous marriages. Genotypes for seven DNA markers from chromosome 4p15.3 are shown. Regions of autozygosity are enclosed by a rectangle. The actual order of birth of affected and unaffected individuals is: IV:10, IV:6, IV:7, IV:8, IV:3, IV:1, IV:2, IV:9, IV:4, and IV:5.

Figure 2

a, Multipoint linkage analyses for seven 4p15 markers with GeneHunter. Genetic distances and LOD scores are indicated. Marker order and distances are indicated. b, Chromosome 4 cytogenetic and linkage maps in the 4p16-15 region. Markers used for linkage analysis are highlighted.