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Review
. 2000 Feb;19(2):120-42, 154-68.
doi: 10.7863/jum.2000.19.2.120.

Section 6--mechanical bioeffects in the presence of gas-carrier ultrasound contrast agents. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine

No authors listed
Review

Section 6--mechanical bioeffects in the presence of gas-carrier ultrasound contrast agents. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine

No authors listed. J Ultrasound Med. 2000 Feb.

Abstract

This review addresses the issue of mechanical ultrasound-induced bioeffects in the presence of gas carrier contrast agents (GCAs). Here, the term "contrast agent" refers to those agents that provide ultrasound contrast by being composed of microbubbles, encapsulated or not, containing one or more gases. Provided in this section are summaries on how contrast agents work, some of their current uses, and the potential for bioeffects associated with their presence in an ultrasonic field.

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Figures

Figure 6-1
Figure 6-1
Sound velocity in an Albunex suspension as a function of concentration. The solid circles and the line represent the data points and the least squares regressions line, respectively.
Figure 6-2
Figure 6-2
Computed resonance frequency versus the radius of a bubble.
Figure 6-3
Figure 6-3
Computed scattering cross section of a bubble of 1.7 μm radius.
Figure 6-4
Figure 6-4
Experimental and theoretical results of attenuation coefficient of an Albunex suspension as a function of frequency. Mean diameter of Albunex = 3.15 μm.
Figure 6-5
Figure 6-5
Size distributions of Albunex and FS069.
Figure 6-6
Figure 6-6
An example of the increase in myocardial contrast observed during continuous infusion of PESDA microbubbles when using a low frame rate (right panel) as opposed to conventional frame rates (left panel); the latter are usually > 30 Hz.
Figure 6-7
Figure 6-7
Hemolysis of whole human blood containing 3.6 V % Albunex and exposed with sample rotation to 20 μs pulses of 1.0, 2.2, or 3.4 MHz ultrasound. The duty factor was 0.01 and the total exposure duration 60 s. (Data from and reprinted by permission of Elsevier Science, from Brayman AA, et al: Hemolysis of 40% hematocrit, Albunex-supplemented human erythrocyte suspensions by intense pulsed ultrasound: Frequency, duty factor, pulse length and sample rotation dependence. Ultrasound Med Biol 23:1237, 1997b.)
Figure 6-8
Figure 6-8
Hemolysis in vivo in mice exposed to pulsed ultrasound. Percent hemolysis is plotted as a function of peak positive pressure at the surface of the animal. Solid squares and circles are data for C3H and CD1 strains of mice, respectively, exposed to 1.2 MHz ultrasound and injected with Albunex. Open squares and circles are data for C3H and CD1 mice, respectively, exposed to 1.2 MHz ultrasound and injected with saline. Open triangle is datum for CD1 mice exposed to 2.4 MHz ultrasound and injected with Albunex. (Figure adapted from and reprinted by permission of Elsevier Science, from Dalecki D, et al: Remnants of Albunex nucleate acoustic cavitation. Ultrasound Med Biol 23:1405, 1997e). Data are presented as the mean percentage of hemolysis; error bars represent the standard error of the mean.

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