Medium-chain fatty acids affect citrinin production in the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber

Abstract

During submerged culture in the presence of glucose and glutamate, the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber produces water-soluble red pigments together with citrinin, a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic and hepatoxic effects on animals. Analysis of the (13)C-pigment molecules from mycelia cultivated with [1-(13)C]-, [2-(13)C]-, or [1, 2-(13)C]acetate by (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that the biosynthesis of the red pigments used both the polyketide pathway, to generate the chromophore structure, and the fatty acid synthesis pathway, to produce a medium-chain fatty acid (octanoic acid) which was then bound to the chromophore by a trans-esterification reaction. Hence, to enhance pigment production, we tried to short-circuit the de novo synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids by adding them to the culture broth. Of fatty acids with carbon chains ranging from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, only octanoic acid showed a 30 to 50% stimulation of red pigment production, by a mechanism which, in contrast to expectation, did not involve its direct trans-esterification on the chromophore backbone. However, the medium- and long-chain fatty acids tested were readily assimilated by the fungus, and in the case of fatty acids ranging from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, 30 to 40% of their initial amount transiently accumulated in the growth medium in the form of the corresponding methylketone 1 carbon unit shorter. Very interestingly, these fatty acids or their corresponding methylketones caused a strong reduction in, or even a complete inhibition of, citrinin production by M. ruber when they were added to the medium. Several data indicated that this effect could be due to the degradation of the newly synthesized citrinin (or an intermediate in the citrinin pathway) by hydrogen peroxide resulting from peroxisome proliferation induced by medium-chain fatty acids or methylketones.

FIG. 1

Scheme of the hypothetic metabolic routes leading to the final structure of the water-soluble red pigment N-glutarylmonascorubramine in M. ruber.

FIG. 2

Effect of increasing the concentration of sodium octanoate on the specific production of water-soluble red pigments and citrinin. M. ruber was cultured in the presence of MSG at 5 g · liter⁻¹ and glucose at 5 (A) or 20 (B) g · liter⁻¹. Amounts of pigments, citrinin, and fungal biomass were determined after 120 h of culture.

FIG. 3

(A and B) Kinetics of red pigments and citrinin production during discontinuous culture of M. ruber in the absence (A) or in the presence (B) of 2 mM sodium octanoate. (C) Kinetics of octanoate consumption and production of 2-heptanone. X, biomass.