Differential induction of complement fragment C5a and inflammatory cytokines during intramammary infections with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

The prompt recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection is essential for the defense of the bovine mammary gland against invading pathogens and is determinant for the outcome of the infection. Escherichia coli is known to induce clinical mastitis, characterized by an intense neutrophil recruitment leading to the eradication of the bacteria, whereas Staphylococcus aureus induces subclinical mastitis accompanied by a moderate neutrophil recruitment and the establishment of chronic mastitis. To elicit the neutrophil recruitment into the udder, inflammatory mediators must be produced after recognition of the invading pathogen. To our knowledge, those mediators have never been studied during S. aureus mastitis, although understanding of the neutrophil recruitment mechanisms could allow a better understanding of the differences in the pathogeneses elicited by E. coli and S. aureus. Therefore, we studied, at several time points, the accumulation of neutrophils and the presence of the chemoattractant complement fragment C5a and of the cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-8 in milk after inoculation of E. coli or S. aureus in lactating bovine udders. The low levels of C5a and the absence of cytokines in milk from S. aureus-infected cows, compared to the high levels found in milk from E. coli-infected animals, mirror the differences in the severities of the two inflammatory reactions. The cytokine deficit in milk after S. aureus inoculation in the lactating bovine mammary gland could contribute to the establishment of chronic mastitis. This result could help in the design of preventive or curative strategies against chronic mastitis.

FIG. 1

Bacterial count (●) and SCC (○) in milk samples from quarters experimentally infected with E. coli (A) or S. aureus (B). Data are expressed as means ± standard errors of the means. ∗, significant difference (P < 0.05) compared with preinfection values.

FIG. 2

BSA concentration in whey (●) and haptoglobin concentration in plasma (○) obtained from quarters experimentally infected with E. coli (A) or S. aureus (B). Data are expressed as means ± standard errors of the means. ∗, significant difference (P < 0.05) compared with preinfection values.

FIG. 3

TNF-α (●), IL-1β (▵), and IL-8 (○) concentrations in whey obtained from quarters experimentally infected with E. coli. Data are expressed as means ± standard errors of the means. ∗, significant difference (P < 0.05) compared with preinfection values.

FIG. 4

Amount of cell-associated IL-8 per 10⁶ cells (●) and amount of free IL-8 in a volume of whey containing 10⁶ cells (○). Values were obtained from one cow experimentally infected with E. coli.

FIG. 5

C5a concentration in whey of cows experimentally infected with E. coli (A) or S. aureus (B) and C5a concentration in zymosan-activated whey obtained from cows experimentally infected with E. coli (C) or S. aureus (D). Data are expressed as means ± standard errors of the means, except for panel B, where individual data are shown. ∗, significant difference (P < 0.05) compared with preinfection values.