An enzyme immunoassay to determine the levels of specific antibodies toward bacterial surface antigens in human immunoglobulin preparations and blood serum

Abstract

Human polyvalent intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations are used as a complementary aid to the proper antimicrobial treatment of severely septic patients in intensive care units (ICUs) and/or as a prophylactic agent to immunocompromised hosts, particularly prone to bacterial infections. There is skepticism about the usefulness of IVIGs since it is not known whether their administration ensures the enhancement of humoral immune responses by providing a sufficient amount of specific antibodies towards the specified bacterial pathogen to be treated. In this report, a simple and reproducible enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining the content of specific antibodies against bacterial surface antigens in commercially available IVIG preparations is described. The method is also easily applied to determine the amount of bacterial antibodies in blood serum. The levels of specific antibodies toward gram positive and negative pathogenic isolates often encountered in ICUs were estimated in two IVIG (Sandoglobulin and Gamimmune) preparations. Significant differences regarding the content of antibodies to certain clinically bacterial isolates were identified not only between the two IVIG preparations tested, but also among various lots from each IVIG preparation. No significant variation (P < or = 0.001) among the bottles derived from the same lot was determined in both preparations. The variation in the levels of specific antibodies in IVIG preparations may be attributed to differences between the donor pools as well as the manufacturing procedure. Application of the method to patients with primary immune deficiencies showed that infusion of highly reactive IVIG preparations enhanced significantly their humoral response toward various pathogens. The results of this study suggest that the content determination of pathogen-specific antibodies in IVIG preparations before administration may be of great importance for treating bacterial infections.