Lipases provide a new mechanistic model for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthases: characterization of the functional residues in Chromatium vinosum PHB synthase

Abstract

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthases catalyze the conversion of beta-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A (HBCoA) to PHB. These enzymes require an active site cysteine nucleophile for covalent catalysis. A protein BLASTp search using the Class III Chromatium vinosum synthase sequence reveals high homology to prokaryotic lipases whose crystal structures are known. The homology is very convincing in the alpha-beta-elbow (with the active site nucleophile)-alpha-beta structure, residues 131-175 of the synthase. A conserved histidine of the Class III PHB synthases aligns with the active site histidine of the lipases using the ClustalW algorithm. This is intriguing as this histidine is approximately 200 amino acids removed in sequence space from the catalytic nucleophile. Different threading algorithms suggest that the Class III synthases belong to the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily which includes prokaryotic lipases. Mutagenesis studies were carried out on C. vinosum synthase C149, H331, H303, D302, and C130 residues. These studies reveal that H331 is the general base catalyst that activates the nucleophile, C149, for covalent catalysis. The model indicates that C130 is not involved in catalysis as previously proposed [Müh, U., Sinskey, A. J., Kirby, D. P., Lane, W. S., and Stubbe, J. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 826-837]. Studies with D302 mutants suggest D302 functions as a general base catalyst in activation of the 3-hydroxyl of HBCoA (or a hydroxybutyrate acyl enzyme) for nucleophilic attack on the covalently linked thiol ester intermediate. The relationship of the lipase model to previous models based on fatty acid synthases is discussed.