[Age-related changes in crossing over in Drosophila resemble the picture of interchromosomal effect of chromosome rearrangement on crossing over]

Abstract

Crossing over in the left arm of chromosome 2 (2L) was studied in successive broods of Drosophila melanogaster females carrying intact chromosomes (+/+), inversion Muller-5 in the X chromosome (M-5/+), and insertion of the Y-chromosome material into region 34A (Is(2L)/+). The regions net-dp, dp-b, b-pr and pr-cn were examined in 14 two-day-old broods of females +/+ and M-5/+ and in 10 broods of females Is(2L)/+. In all lines, the highest level of crossing over was in the first three broods (eggs laid during the first 6 days of oviposition) and the lowest level in the broods 7-8 (eggs laid at days 14-16). A high rate of crossing over in the first broods of females +/+ and M-5/+ was due to an increment of exchanges in the proximal euchromatin regions (b-pr and pr-cn) and to an increase in the number of tetrads with double exchanges. These changes are similar to a pattern of the interchromosomal effect on crossing over (IEC) in structurally normal chromosomes. In Is(2L)/+ females, a high level of crossing over was due to extensive exchanges in the interstitial regions net-dp and dp and an increase in the number of tetrads with single exchanges. These changes resembled the IEC in rearranged chromosomes (in this case, in chromosomes bearing an insertion). Thus, the age changes of crossing over are similar to the consequences of the presence or absence of IEC. Age changes in crossing over in a chromosome depended both on the local rearrangements in this chromosome (the local effect on crossing over, LEC) and on rearrangements in nonhomologous chromosomes (IEC). In the first broods, both LEC and IEC decreased with an increase in the level of crossing over. In subsequent broods, the reduced level of crossing over was accompanied by an increase in both LEC and IEC. This suggests that the mechanisms responsible for the age changes in crossing over and IEC may have common steps. The contact model of crossing over may explain the similarity between the age changes in crossing-over and IEC. It is suggested that both phenomena result from delayed determination of crossing over in a meiotic cell. This may occur due to the retarded formation of the local contacts in one of the homologous chromosome pairs or because a higher number of local contacts is required to trigger crossing over in a meiotic cell (of early age).