Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis: a comprehensive approach for total hip and total knee arthroplasty patient populations

Abstract

One of the most catastrophic complications after total joint arthroplasty is a fatal pulmonary embolism. Thromboembolic disease is particularly a problem in lower extremity joint arthroplasty secondary to the development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and proximal propagation of the thrombus. The environment created during total hip and knee arthroplasty fulfills the criteria for DVT formation: vessel wall damage, venous stasis, and a hypercoagulable state. Evidence that suggests the insult and primary event in thrombogenesis occurs during surgery. Until recently, however, the main thrust of DVT prophylaxis has concentrated on the immediate postoperative period. A more global approach to patient care during the 6-week period beginning with surgery may result in more effective DVT prophylaxis. Operative interventions that have proven to be effective include hypotensive epidural anesthesia and intravenous administration of heparin. Postoperative pharmaceutical interventions range from standard doses of aspirin or warfarin to recently studied dosing regimens of low-molecular-weight heparins, antiplatelet agents, and antithrombotic agents. Mechanical prophylaxis has also proved to be a valuable adjunct in DVT prophylaxis during these periods. It is hoped that a more comprehensive approach incorporating several of the aforementioned treatments into a strategy that encompasses the intraoperative and early and late postoperative periods will maximize the effectiveness of DVT prophylaxis.