Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2000;1999(2):CD001361.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001361.

Depot haloperidol decanoate for schizophrenia

S Quraishi  1 , A David
Affiliations

Depot haloperidol decanoate for schizophrenia

S Quraishi et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000.

Abstract

Background: The mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia is the antipsychotic group of drugs. These are usually given orally but compliance with medication given by this route may be difficult to quantify. Problems with treatment adherence are common. The development of depot injections in the 1960s gave rise to their extensive use as a means of long-term maintenance treatment. Haloperidol decanoate is one depot drug available in clinical practice.

Objectives: To assess the effects of haloperidol decanoate versus oral anti-psychotics and other depot antipsychotic preparations for people with schizophrenia in terms of clinical, social and economic outcomes.

Search strategy: Relevant trials were identified by searching Biological Abstracts (1982-1998), Cochrane Library (Issue 2, 1998), Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register (June 1998), EMBASE (1980-1998), MEDLINE (1966-1998) and PsycLIT (1974-1998). References of all identified trials were also inspected for more studies.

Selection criteria: All relevant randomised trials focusing on people with schizophrenia where haloperidol decanoate, oral anti-psychotics or other depot preparations were compared. Outcomes such as death, clinically significant change in global function, mental state, relapse, hospital admission, adverse effects and acceptability of treatment were sought.

Data collection and analysis: Studies were reliably selected, quality rated and data extracted. For dichotomous data Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (OR) with the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Where possible, the number needed to treat statistic (NNT) was calculated. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. Normal continuous data were summated using the weighted mean difference (WMD). Scale data were presented only for those tools that had attained pre-specified levels of quality.

Main results: In a haloperidol decanoate versus placebo comparison, two small studies reported that significantly fewer people on depot left early (OR 0.09 CI 0.03-0.21, NNT 2 CI 1-3) or experienced no important improvement in mental state (OR 0. 04 CI 0.01-0.15). Zississ (1982) suggested that those taking haloperidol decanoate would need less additional antipsychotic medication (OR 0.14 Cl 0.04-0.55, NNT 2 CI 1-5). Haloperidol decanoate was compared to oral haloperidol in a single trial that showed no differences in global impression, mental state or side effects ( approximately approximately Zuardi 1983 approximately approximately , n=22). Compliance with medication was not reported in this study. Eight trials compared haloperidol decanoate to other depot neuroleptics and again no differences were found for the outcomes of death, global impression, mental state, behaviour, or side effects.

Reviewer's conclusions: Haloperidol decanoate may have a substantial effect in improving the symptoms and behaviour associated with schizophrenia in comparison to placebo, but data are remarkably sparse. There are no discernible differences between the depot form of haloperidol and its oral equivalent. For those needing and willing to take the drug, the means of administration is then a matter of individual choice and clinical judgement. As there are no clear differences between haloperidol decanoate and other depots, the choice of depot medication could also be individually tailored and patient preference exercised. Well-conducted and reported randomised trials are needed comparing haloperidol decanoate with other depots but the comparison of haloperidol decanoate to oral antipsychotics is a priority.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Behaviour: Not completing the study.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 2 Global impression: Needing additional antipsychotic treatment ‐ by 4 months.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 3 Mental state: No discernable effect ‐ by 4 months.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 4 Side effects: 1. Anticholinergic problems ‐ blurred vision ‐ by 4 months.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 5 Side effects: 2. Movement disorders ‐ tremor ‐ by 4 months.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs ORAL HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 1 Global impression: Not improved ‐ at 4 months (CGI).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs ORAL HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 2 Mental state: BPRS ‐ at 4 months (endpoint score, high=poor).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs ORAL HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 3 Side effects: 1. Movement disorders ‐ needing anticholinergic drugs..
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 1 Death.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 2 Global impression: 1. Needing additional antipsychotic treatment.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 3 Global impression: 2. Clinical Global Impression (endpoint score, high=poor).
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 5 Mental state: 1. Relapse.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 6 Mental state: 2. BPRS (endpoint score, high=poor).
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 8 Behaviour: 1. Leaving the study early.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 10 Side effects: 1. Movement disorders.
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 12 Side effects: 3. Significant side effects reported.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

References to studies included in this review

Bechelli 1985 {published data only}
    1. Bechelli LPC, Lecco MC, Pontes MC. A double‐blind trial of haloperidol decanoate and pipothiazine palmitate in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenics in a public out‐patient clinic. Current Therapeutic Research 1985;37:662‐71.
Chouinard 1984 {published data only}
    1. Chouinard G, Annable L, Campbell W. A randomized clinical trial of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate in the outpatient treatment of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1989;9:247‐53. - PubMed
    1. Chouinard G, Annable L, Campbell W, Boisvert D, Bradwejn J. A double‐blind, controlled clinical trial of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1984;20:108‐9. - PubMed
Cookson 1986 {published data only}
    1. Cookson JC, Kennedy NM, Gribbon D. Weight gain and prolactin levels in patients on long‐term antipsychotic medication: a double‐blind comparative trial of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986;Suppl 1:41‐51. - PubMed
Eberhard 1986 {published data only}
    1. Eberhard G. Depot antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients: a comparison between haloperidol decanoate and flupenthixol decanaote. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986;Suppl 1:27.
    1. Eberhard G, Hellbom E. Haloperidol decanoate and flupenthixol decanoate in schizophrenia. A long‐term double‐blind cross‐over comparison. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 1986;74:255‐62. - PubMed
Eklund 1991 {published data only}
    1. Eklund K, Forsman A. Minimal effective dose and relapse ‐ double blind trial: haloperidol decanoate versus placebo. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1991;14(Suppl 2):7‐15. - PubMed
Kissling 1985 {published data only}
    1. Kissling W, Moller HJ, Walter K, Wittmann B, Krueger R, Trenk D. Double‐blind comparison of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate effectiveness, side‐effects, dosage and serum levels during a six months' treatment for relapse prevention. Pharmacopsychiatry 1985;18:240‐5. - PubMed
McKane 1987 {published data only}
    1. McCreadie RG, McKane JP, Robinson ADT, Wiles DH, Stirling GS. Depot neuroleptics as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenic in‐patients ‐ Abstract. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986;Suppl 1:13‐4.
    1. McKane JP, Robinson ADT, Wiles DH, McCreadie RG, Stirling GS. Haloperidol decanoate versus fluphenazine decanoate as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenic in‐patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987;151:333‐6. - PubMed
Wistedt 1984 {published data only}
    1. Wistedt B. A comparison trial of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanaote in chronic schizophrenic patients. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986;Suppl 1:15‐23. - PubMed
    1. Wistedt B, Persson T, Hellbom E. A clinical double blind comparison between haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. Current Therapeutic Research 1984;35(5):804‐14.
Wistedt 1991 {published data only}
    1. Kosiken T, Wistedt B, Thelander S. Zuclopenthixol decanoate vs haloperidol decanoate: A double‐blind comparative trial. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry; Florence, Italy, June 9‐14, 1991.
    1. Wistedt B, Koskinen T, Thelander S, Nerdrum T, Pedersen V, Molbjerg C. Zuclopenthixol decanoate and haloperidol decanoate in chronic schizophrenia: a double‐blind multicentre study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1991;84:14‐6. - PubMed
Zissis 1982 {published data only}
    1. Zissis NP, Psaras M, Lyketsos G. Haloperidol decanoate, a new long acting antipsychotic in chronic schizophrenics: double‐blind comparison with placebo. Current Therapeutic Research 1982;31(4):650‐5.
Zuardi 1983 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Zuardi AW, Giampietro AC, Grassi ER, Matos Lima AA, Buoncompagno EM, Ribeiro Dos Santos CH, Bredariol MM, Fiestrino A, Oliveria MAS, Moura DSP, Karniol IG. Double‐blind comparison between two forms of haloperidol: an oral preparation and a new depot decanoate in the maintenance of schizophrenic inpatients. Current Therapeutic Research 1983;34(2):253‐61.

References to studies excluded from this review

Angus 1997 {published data only}
    1. Angus S, Sugars J, Boltezar R, Koskewich S, Scheider N M. A controlled trial of amantadine hydrochloride and neuroleptics in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997;17(2):88‐91. - PubMed
Baastrup 1993 {published data only}
    1. Baastrup PC, Alhfors UG, Bjerkenstedt L, Dencker SJ, Fensbo C, Gravem A, Pedersen V, Elgen K, Brekke B, Fredslund‐Andersen K, Lindholm H, Lybeck I, Morawski R, Nummi K, Silfverhjelm H, Vartainen H, Wiesel FA, Aarvold A. A controlled Nordic mulitcentre study of zuclopenthixol acetate in oil solution, haloperidol and zuclopenthixol in treatment of acute psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1993;87:48‐58. - PubMed
Bucci 1985 {published data only}
    1. Bucci L, Marini S. Haloperidol decanoate in chronic schizophrenic patients. Current Therapeutic Research 1985;37(6):1091‐7.
Cookson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Cookson JC. C. Side effects during long term treatment with depot antipsychotic medication. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1991;14(Suppl 2):24‐32. - PubMed
Curson 1985 {published data only}
    1. Curson DA, Barnes TRE, Bamber RW, Platt SD, Hirsch SR, Duffy JC. Long‐term depot maintenance of chronic schizophrenic out‐patients: the seven‐year follow‐up of the medical research council fluphenazine/placebo trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 1985;146:464‐80. - PubMed
Deberdt 1980 {published data only}
    1. Deberdt R, Elens P, Berghmans W, Heykants J, Woestnborghs R, Dreisens F, Reyntjens A, Wijngaarden I. Clopenthixol and flupenthixol depot preparations in outpatient schizophrenics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1980;62:356‐63. - PubMed
Dencker 1980 {published data only}
    1. Dencker SJ, Lepp M, Malm U. Clopenthixol and flupenthixol depot preparations in outpatient schizophrenics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1980;279:10‐28. - PubMed
Dencker 1994 {published data only}
    1. Dencker SJ, Gios I, Martensson E, Norden T, Nyberg G, Persson R, Roman G, Stockman O, Svard KO. A long term cross‐over pharmacokinetic study comparing perphenazine decanoate and haloperidol decanaote in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology 1994;114:24‐30. - PubMed
Fernando 1984 {published data only}
    1. Fernando J, Krishna Raju R, Jones GG, Stanley RO. The use of depot neuroleptic haloperidol decanoate. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1984;69:175‐6. - PubMed
Gianelli 1990 {published data only}
    1. Gianelli A, Rabboni M, Zarattini F. [Profili clinici di azione, indicazinoi preferenziali, effetti terapeutici e controindicazioni di tre neurolettici depot in trial multicentrico di confronto]. Rivista di Psichiatria 1990;25:8‐24.
Jolley 1990 {published data only}
    1. Jolley AG, Hirsch SR, Morrison E, McRink A, Wilson L. Trial of brief intermittant neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenic outpatients: clinical and social outcome at two years. British Medical Journal 1990;301:837‐42. - PMC - PubMed
Meco 1985 {published data only}
    1. Meco G, Falaschi P, Casacchia M, Rocco A, Petrini P, Rosa M, Agnoli A. Neuroendocrine effects of haloperidol decanoate in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Advanced Biochemical Psychopharmacology 1985;40:89‐93. - PubMed
Meco 1987 {published data only}
    1. Meco G, Aniello R, Lestingi L, Petrini P, Castellano A, Casacchia M. Haloperidol decanoate (a new depot neuroleptic drug): double‐blind study versus fluphenazine decanoate in schizophreniform disorders and chronic schizophrenia. In: Cazulla CL, Invernizzi G, Bressi C editor(s). Schizophrenia: an integrative view. Milan, Italy, 1987:155‐70.
Nair 1986 {published data only}
    1. Vasavan Nair NP, Suranyi‐Cadotte B, Schwartz G, Thavundayil JX, Achim A, Lizondo E, Nayak R. A clinical trial comparing intramuscular haloperidol decanoate and oral haloperidol in chronic schizophrenic patients: efficacy, safety, and dosage equivalence. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986;6(1):30‐7S. - PubMed
Rapp 1986 {published data only}
    1. Rapp W, Hellbom E, Norrman O, Palm U, Rodhe K, Forsman A, Larsson M. A double‐blind crossover study comparing haloperidol decanoate and perphanazine enanthate. Current Therapeutic Research 1986;39(5):665‐70.
Roose 1982 {published data only}
    1. Roose K. Haloperidol decanoate as a replacement for maintenance therapy with intramuscular fluphenazine decanaote in schizophrenia and other chronic psychoses. Acta Psychiatrica Belgique 1982;82:16‐23. - PubMed
Ushakov 1990 {published data only}
    1. Ushakov IV, Kravchenko NE, Kopeiko GI, Kalugina LI, Mirzoian MG. Clinical and economic approach to evaluation of the effectiveness of moditen‐depot and haloperidol decanoate in the maintenance therapy of attack‐like schizophrenia [Klinicheskii ekonomicheskii podkhod k otsenke sravnitel'noi effektivnosti moditena‐depo i galoperidola dekanoata v podderzhi‐vaiushchei terapii u bol'nykh pristupoobraznoi shizofreniei]. Zh Nevropatol‐Psikhiatria Im‐S‐S‐Korsakova 1990;90:99‐104. - PubMed
Van Putten 1986 {published data only}
    1. Putten T, Marder SR. Low‐dose treatment strategies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1986;47(Suppl 5):12‐6. - PubMed
Varma 1989 {published data only}
    1. Varma VK, Kulhara P. Open drug trial with haloperidol decanoate injections in schizophrenia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1989;31(2):144‐50. - PMC - PubMed
Wei 1996 {published data only}
    1. Wei F, Jann MW, Lin H, Piao‐Chien C, Chang W. A practical loading dose method converting schizophrenic patients from oral to depot haloperidol therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1996;57(7):298‐302. - PubMed
Weiden 1995 {published data only}
    1. Weiden P, Rapkin B, Zygmunt A, Mott T, Goldman D, Frances A. Post‐discharge medication compliance of inpatients converted from an oral to a depot neuroleptic regimen. Psychiatric Services 1995;46(10):1049‐54. - PubMed
Wiles 1990 {published data only}
    1. Wiles DM, McCreadie RG, Whitehead A. Pharmacokinetics of haloperidol and fluphenazine decanoates in chronic schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 1990;101:274‐81. - PubMed
Youssef 1991 {published data only}
    1. Youssef HA. Duration of neuroleptic treatment and relapse rate: a five‐year follow‐up study with haloperidol decanoate. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1991;4(Suppl 2):16‐23. - PubMed
Zonda 1992 {published data only}
    1. Zonda T, Kovari E. Use of haloperidol decanoate in psychiatric diseases. Therapia Hungarica 1992;40(2):64‐8. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Bernardi 1992 {published data only}
    1. Bernardi F, Bocchetta A, Zompo M, Volonte MV, et al. Efficacy and tolerability to bromperidol decanoate in psychotic patients formerly treated with haloperidol or chlorpromazine [Efficacia terapeutica e tollerabilita del bromperidolo decanoato in pazienti psicotici gia in trattamento con aloperidolo o clorpromazina]. Rivista di Psichiatria 1992;27:271‐5.
Castellani 1988 {published data only}
    1. Castellini A, Lorini M. [Flufenazina decanoato e aloperidolo decanoato: due neurolettici a confronto nella patologia psichiatrica non acuta studio crossover a lunga termine]. Incomplete reference.
Morasiewicz 1995 {published data only}
    1. Morasiewicz J, Baranowski P, Borys J, JanskaSkomorowska M, Kiejna A. Evaluation of clinical usefulness of Decaldol (haloperidol decanoate) produced by WZF Polfa in Warsaw in long‐term treatment of schizophrenia [Ocena przydatnosci klinicznej preparatu decaldol (dekanonian haloperidolu) produkcji wzf polfaw warszawie w dlugotrwalym leczeniu schizofrenii]. Psychiatria Polska 1995;29:405‐20. - PubMed
Rossi 1992 {published data only}
    1. Rossi P, Chini C, Casale A, Fusi A, Madonna M, Monaci C, Carta I. Action of bromperidol decanoate in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia ‐ comparison with haloperidol decanoate [Azione del bromperidolo decanoato nel trattamento dei sintomi negativi della schizofrenia ‐ confronto con l'aloperidolo decanoato]. Rivista di Psichiatria 1992;27:265‐70.

Additional references

Aaes‐Jorgenson 1985
    1. Aaes‐Jorgensen A. Pharmacokinetics of oral and depot neuoleptics ‐ clinical relevance. Symposium Espo. 1985; Vol. 1.
Agius 1994
    1. Agius AM, Reid AP, Hamilton CAD. Patient compliance with short‐term topical aural antibiotic therapy. Clinical Otolaryngology 1994;19:138‐41. - PubMed
Altamura 1987
    1. Altamura AC, Mauri MC, Guecetti G, Cazzullo CL. Fluphenazine decanoate in acute and maintenance therapy of schizophrenia. Progress Neuro‐Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1987;11:613‐23. - PubMed
Altman 1996
    1. Altman DG, Bland JM. Detecting skewness from summary information. BMJ 1996;313:1200. [HLDC020600] - PMC - PubMed
Asberg 1978
    1. Asberg M, Montgomery SA, Perris C, Schalling D, Sedavll GA. A comprehensive psychopathological rating scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1978;271:5‐27. - PubMed
Barnes 1994
    1. Barnes TRE, Curson DA. Long term depot antipsychotics. A risk benefit assessment. Drug Safety 1994;10(6):464‐79. - PubMed
Begg 1996
    1. Begg C, Cho M, Eastwood S, Horton R, Moher D, Olkin I, Pitkin R, Rennie D, Schulz KF, Simel D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement. JAMA 1996;276:637‐9. - PubMed
Chouinard 1980
    1. Chouinard G, Ross‐Chouinard A, Annable L. Extrapyramidal symptom rating scale. Canadian Journal of Neurological Science 1980;7:233.
David 1994
    1. David AS, Cutting JC, editors. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Hove, E. Sussex: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994.
Davis 1986
    1. Davis JM, Andriukatis S. The natural course of schizophrenia and effective maintenance drug therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986;6(Suppl 1):2‐10. - PubMed
Dencker 1980
    1. Dencker SJ, Lepp M, Malm U. Do schizophrenics well adapted in the community need neuroleptics? A depot neuroleptic withdrawal study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1980;61(279):64‐76. - PubMed
DoH 1996
    1. Department of Health. NHS Executive. Burdens of disease: a discussion document. London: HMSO, 1996.
Feighner 1972
    1. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze S, Woodruff RA, Winokur G, Munoz R. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry 1972;26:57‐62. - PubMed
Guy 1976
    1. Guy W. Early clinical drug evaluation (ECDEU) assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1976. [National Institute of Mental Health Publication No. 76‐338]
Haynes 1979
    1. Haynes RB, Taylor WD, Sackett DL. Compliance in health care. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1979.
Heresco‐Levy 1989
    1. Heresco‐Levy U, Greenberg D, Wittman L, Dasberg H, Lerer B. Prescribing patterns of neuroactive drugs in 98 schizophrenic patients. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 1989;26:157‐63. - PubMed
Honigfeld 1962
    1. Honigfeld G, Gillis RD, Klett CJ. NOSIE‐30: A treatment sensitive ward behavior scale. Psychological Reports 1962;10:799‐812. - PubMed
Jablensky 1992
    1. Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, Day R, Bertelsen ASO. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten‐country study. Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement 1992;20:1‐97. - PubMed
Johnson 1990
    1. Johnson DA, Wright NF. Drug prescribing for schizophrenic out‐patients on depot injections. Repeat surveys over 18 years. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990;156:827‐34. - PubMed
Kane 1986
    1. Kane JM, Woerner M, Sarantakos S. Depot neuroleptics: a comparison review of standard, intermediate and low‐dose regimens. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1986;47(Suppl 5):30‐3. - PubMed
Kane 1998
    1. Kane JM, Aguglia E, Carlo Altamura A, Guiterrez JLA, Brunello N, Fleischhacker WW, Gaebel W, Gerlach J, Guelfi JD, Kissling W, Lapierre YD, Lindstrom E, Mendlewicz J, Racagni G, Carulla LS, Schooler NR. Guidelines for depot antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. European Neuropschopharmacology 1998;8:55‐66. - PubMed
Krawiecka 1977
    1. Krawiecka M, Goldberg D, Vaughan M. A standardised psychiatric assessment scale for rating psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1977;55:299‐308. - PubMed
Leff 1971
    1. Leff JP, Wing JK. Trial of maintenance therapy in schizophrenia. British Medical Journal 1971;3:559‐604. - PMC - PubMed
Leff 1973
    1. Leff JP, Hirsch SR, Gaind R, Rhhode PD. Outpatient maintenace of chronic schizophrenic patients with long acting fluphenazine: double‐blind placebo trial. British Medical Journal 1973;1:633‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Lingjerde 1987
    1. Lingjerde O, Ahlfors UG, Bech P, Dencker SJ, Elgen K. The UKU side effect rating scale. A new comprehensive rating scale for psychotropic drugs and a cross‐sectional study of side effects in neuroleptic‐treated patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1987;76(Suppl):334. - PubMed
Moher 1998
    1. Moher D, Pham B, Jones A, Cook DJ, Jadad AR, Moher M, Tugwell P, Klassen TP. Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta‐analyses?. Lancet 1998;352:609‐13. - PubMed
Mulrow 1999
    1. Mulrow CD, Oxman A. The Cochrane Handbook [updated 1 March 1999]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Overall 1962
    1. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports 1962;10:799‐812.
Pereira 1997
    1. Pereira S, Pinto R. A survey of the attitudes of chronic psychiatric patients living in the community toward their medication. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1997;95:464‐8. - PubMed
Reyntijens 1982
    1. Reyntijens AJM, Heykants JJP, Woestenborghs RJH. Pharmacokinetics of haloperidol decanoate. Pharmacopsychiatry 1982;17:238‐46. - PubMed
Schulz 1994
    1. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Grimes DA, Altman DG. Assessing the quality of randomization from reports of controlled trials published in obstetrics and gynecology journals. JAMA 1994;272:125‐8. - PubMed
Simpson 1970
    1. Simpson GM, Angus JWS. A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatria Scandinavia Supplementum 1970;212:11‐9. - PubMed
Spitzer 1977
    1. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E. Research diagnostic criteria for a selected group of functional disorders. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, 1977.

Publication types

MeSH terms