Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2000;1999(2):CD001162.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001162.

Sulpiride for schizophrenia

B G Soares  1 , M Fenton, P Chue
Affiliations

Sulpiride for schizophrenia

B G Soares et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000.

Abstract

Background: The antipsychotic drug sulpiride was formulated over 20 years ago and was marked as having a low incidence of adverse effects and an effect on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This relatively inexpensive antipsychotic drug has a similar neuropharmacological profile to several novel atypical drugs.

Objectives: To estimate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of sulpiride.

Search strategy: Electronic searches of Biological Abstracts (1982-1997), CINAHL (1982-1998), Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register (March 1998), Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 1998), EMBASE (1980-1998), MEDLINE (1966-1998), PsycLIT (1974-1997), SIGLE (1994-1998), and Sociofile (1974-1997) were supplemented by reference searching, contacting authors and the manufacturers of sulpiride.

Selection criteria: All randomised or quasi-randomised clinical trials focusing on the use of different doses of sulpiride or comparing sulpiride to (i) placebo; (ii) typical antipsychotic drugs; or (iii) atypical antipsychotic drugs, for those with schizophrenia or serious mental illness were selected.

Data collection and analysis: Trials were reliably selected and quality rated. Data were independently extracted, by two reviewers (BGOS, MF), and analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. It was assumed that people who did not complete the follow up had no improvement. Authors of trials were contacted for additional and missing data. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of dichotomous data were calculated with the random effects model and weighted mean difference (WMD) was calculated for continuous data.

Main results: The review currently includes 18 studies (30 citations). Studies are generally small and of poor quality. Limited evidence suggests that there is little difference between sulpiride and other drugs although the incidence of side effects may be less for sulpiride. There are no clear findings relating to negative symptoms.

Reviewer's conclusions: Sulpiride may be an effective antipsychotic drug but evidence is limited and data relating to claims for its value against negative symptoms is not trial-based.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 SULPIRIDE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Global impression: No improvement.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 SULPIRIDE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 3 Mental state: 2. Manchester Scale negative symptom endpoint scores (high=poor).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 SULPIRIDE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 4 Mental state: 3. SANS negative symptom endpoint scores (high=poor).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 SULPIRIDE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 7 Behaviour: 1. Leaving the study early.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 SULPIRIDE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 8 Behaviour: 2. CBS endpoint score (high=poor).
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 SULPIRIDE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 9 Side effects.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 1 Death ‐ by suicide.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 2 Global impression: 1. Not completely improved.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 3 Global impression: 2. Not discharged ‐ at eight weeks.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 4 Global impression: 3. No improvement.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 5 Global impression: 4. Severely ill or worse.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 7 Mental state: 1. Specific affective symptoms.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 11 Behaviour: 1. No overall improvement.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 12 Behaviour: 2. Specific symptoms.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 13 Behaviour: 3. Use of additional medication.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 14 Behaviour: 4. Leaving the study early.
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 16 Side‐effects: 1. Movement disorders.
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 17 Side effects: 2. Movement disorders ‐ use of antiparkinsonian medication.
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 19 Side‐effects: 3. Anticholinergic symptoms.
2.20
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 20 Side‐effects: 4. Problems due to high prolactin levels.
2.21
2.21. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 21 Side‐effects: 5. Gastrointestinal.
2.22
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 22 Side‐effects: 6. Sleep problems.
2.23
2.23. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 23 Side‐effects: 7. Skin problems.
2.24
2.24. Analysis
Comparison 2 SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 24 Side‐effects: 8. Headache.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 HIGH DOSE SULPIRIDE vs LOW DOSE SULPIRIDE, Outcome 1 Behaviour: Leaving the study early ‐ by 60 days.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: HIGH or LOW DOSE SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 1 Global impression: No improvement.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: HIGH or LOW DOSE SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 2 Behaviour: 1. Leaving the study early ‐ for any reason.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: HIGH or LOW DOSE SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 3 Behaviour: 2. Leaving the study early ‐ due to adverse effects.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: HIGH or LOW DOSE SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 4 Side‐effects: 1. Akathisia.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: HIGH or LOW DOSE SULPIRIDE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 5 Side‐effects: 2. Use of additional anti‐parkinson drugs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

References to studies included in this review

Asada 1976 {published data only}
    1. Asada S, Ishimaru T, Kubo S, Kodama H, Masuda K. Study of the clinical effects of sulpiride and perphenazine in 82 schizophrenic patients by the double blind method [Etude des effets cliniques du sulpiride et de la perphenazine chez 82 schizophrenes par la methode du double aveugle]. Encephale 1976;2:73‐83. - PubMed
Blanco 1972 {published data only}
    1. Mezquita Blanco J, Cubillo Sanchez J, Aizpiri Diaz J, Zubia Zubia B. Clinical trial with sulpiride and placebo in chronic schizophrenics study of 89 patients using the Harris‐Letemendia‐Willems scale [Ensayo clinico con Sulpiride y placebo en esquizofrenicos cronicos. Estudio de 89 enfermos, con aplicacion de la escala de Harris, Letemendia y Willems]. Archivos de Neurobiologia ‐ Madrid 1972;35:453‐72. - PubMed
Bratfos 1979 {published data only}
    1. Bratfos O, Haug JO. Comparison of sulpiride and chlorpromazine in psychoses. A double‐blind multicentre study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1979;60:1‐9. - PubMed
Cassano 1975 {published data only}
    1. Cassano GB, Castrogiovanni P, Conti L, Bonollo L. Sulpiride ‐ an antipsychotic agent: comparative trial versus haloperidol. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1977;13:41‐3. - PubMed
    1. Cassano GB, Castrogiovanni P, Conti L, Bonollo L. Sulpiride versus haloperidol in schizophrenia: a double‐blind comparative trial. Current Therapeutic Research 1975;17:189‐201. - PubMed
    1. Cassano GB, Castrogiovanni P, Conti L, et al. The computer diagnosis in a multicenter study of psychoactive agents. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1976;12:22‐4. - PubMed
    1. Castrogiovanni P, Cassano GB, Conti L, Maggini C, Bonollo L, Sarteschi P. An automated diagnostic process (PDA) in clinical psychopharmacology. An exemplification of its use in a sulpiride versus haloperidol comparative trial. International Pharmacopsychiatry 1976;11:74‐83. - PubMed
Dreyfus 1985 {published data only}
    1. Dreyfus JF. A comparative double blind multicenter trial of dogmatil versus chlorpromazine for the treatment of acute psychosis [Essai comparatif multicentrique en double insu du dogmatil et de la chlorpromazine dans le traitement de la psychose aigue]. Semaine des Hopitaux 1985;61:1322‐6.
    1. Pichot P, Dreyfus JF. Multicentre double‐blind comparison of chlorpromazine and sulpiride in acute psychosis. Abstract presented at the Six World Congress of Psychiatry. Hawaii, USA 1977.
    1. Pichot P, Dreyfus JF. Sulpiride and chlorpromazine in treatment of acute psychoses [Sulpirid und chlorpromazin in der behandlung akuter psychosen]. Therapiewoche 1983;333:4571‐4.
Edwards 1980 {published data only}
    1. Guy Edwards J, Alexander JR, Alexander MS, Gordon A, Zutchi T. Controlled trial of sulpiride in chronic schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1980;137:522‐9. - PubMed
Lepola 1989 {published data only}
    1. Lepola U, Koskinen T, Rimon R, Salo H, Gordin A. Sulpiride and perphenazine in schizophrenia. A double‐blind clinical trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1989;80:92‐6. - PubMed
Mahadevan 1991 {published data only}
    1. Mahadevan K, Gadhi HM, Suri AK, Hussain MF, Sharma VK, Sharma SK, Palia SS, Mukherjee PK, Chan‐Pensley E, Ghoshal J, Ahmed W, Bhatt GS. Cross‐over comparison of zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride and oral sulpiride in the treatment of schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Research 1991;2:13‐20.
Nishikawa 1989 {published data only}
    1. Nishikawa T, Tanaka M, Tsuda A, Koga I, Uchida Y. Prophylactic effects of neuroleptics in symptom‐free schizophrenics: a comparative dose‐response study of timiperone and sulpiride. Biological Psychiatry 1989;25:861‐6. - PubMed
Petit 1987 {published data only}
    1. Petit M, Zann M, Colonna L. Controlled study of the disinhibiting effect of low doses of sulpiride in severe schizophrenic psychoses [Etude controlee de l'effet desinhibiteur de faibles doses de sulpiride dans les psychoses schizophreniques deficitaires]. Encephale 1984;10:25‐8. - PubMed
    1. Petit M, Zann M, Lesieur P, Colonna L. The effect of sulpiride on negative symptoms of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987;150:270‐1. - PubMed
Rama Rao 1981 {published data only}
    1. Rama Rao VA, Bailey J, Bishop M, Coppen A. A clinical and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sulpiride. Psychopharmacology 1981;73:77‐80. - PubMed
Shiloh 1997 {published data only}
    1. Shiloh R, Zemishlany Z, Aizemberg D, Radwan M, Schwartz B, Dorfman‐Etrog P, Modai I, Khaikin M, Weizman A. Sulpiride augmentation in people with schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997;171:569‐73. - PubMed
Soni 1990 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Soni SD, Mallik A, Schiff AA. Sulpiride in negative schizophrenia ‐ a placebo‐controlled double‐blind assessment. Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental 1990;5:233‐8.
Taverna 1972 {published data only}
    1. Taverna P, Ghisoni T, Poggi E. Controlled study of the antipsychotic effect of sulpiride. Psychologie Medicale 1972;4:811‐8.
Toru 1972 {published data only}
    1. Toru M, Shimazono Y, Miyasaka M, Kokubo T, Mori Y, Nasu T. A double‐blind comparison of sulpiride with chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and New Drugs 1972;12:221‐9. - PubMed
Wiesel 1984 {published data only}
    1. Alfredsson G, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Harnryd C, Oxenstierna G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA. Relationships between drug concentrations in serum and CSF, clinical effects and monoaminergic variables in schizophrenic patients treated with sulpiride or chlorpromazine. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1984;311:49‐74. - PubMed
    1. Alfredsson G, Harnryd C, Wiesel FA. Effects of sulpiride and chlorpromazine on autistic and positive psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients ‐ relationship to drug concentrations. Psychopharmacology Berlin 1985;85:8‐13. - PubMed
    1. Alfredsson G, Harnryd C, Wiesel FA. Effects of sulpiride and chlorpromazine on depressive symptoms in schizophrenic patients ‐ relationship to drug concentrations. Psychopharmacology 1984;84:237‐41. - PubMed
    1. Harnryd C, Bjerkenstedt L, Bjork K, Gullberg B, Oxenstierna G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA, Wik G, Aberg, Wistedt A. Clinical evaluation of sulpiride in schizophrenic patients ‐ a double‐blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1984;311(Suppl):7‐30. - PubMed
    1. Harnryd C, Bjerkenstedt L, Gullberg B, Oxenstierna G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA. Time course for effects of sulpiride and chlorpromazine on monoamine metabolite and prolactin levels in cerebrospinal fluid from schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1984;311(Suppl):75‐92. - PubMed
Yamagami 1988 {published data only}
    1. Yamagami S, Kiriike N, Kawaguchi K. A single‐blind study of clocapramine and sulpiride in hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients. Drugs under Experimental and Clinical Research 1988;14:707‐13. - PubMed
Yamagami 1993 {published data only}
    1. Yamagami S, Hirayama E, Mui K, Okuno M, Kioka T, SomaT, Ohno K. A single‐blind comparison of bromperidol and sulpiride in hospitalized schizophrenics. Acta Psychiatrica Belgica 1993;93:236‐44. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Alfredsson 1989 {published data only}
    1. Alfredsson G, Wiesel FA. Monoamine metabolites and amino acids in serum from schizophrenic patients before and during sulpiride treatment. Psychopharmacology ‐ Berlin 1989;99:322‐7. - PubMed
    1. Alfredsson G, Wiesel FA. Relationships between clinical effects and monoamine metabolites and amino acids in sulpiride‐treated schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology 1990;101:324‐31. - PubMed
    1. Wiesel FA, Alfredsson G, Jonsson E. Dose finding and serum concentrations of neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenic patients. Clinical Pharmacology in Psychiatry 1989;7:303‐10. - PubMed
Bente 1974 {published data only}
    1. Bente D, Koeller DM, Koufen H, Pietzcker A, Schulte PW. Clinico‐statistical study of the effects of sulpiride, a new psychopharmacologic agent [Klinisch‐statistische Untersuchung des Wirkungsbildes von Sulpirid, einem neuen Psychopharmakon]. Arzneimittelforschung 1974;24:107‐11. - PubMed
Bjerkenstedt 1979 {published data only}
    1. Bjerkensted L, Harnryd C, Sedval G. Effect of sulpiride on monaminergic mechanism in psychotic women. Psychopharmacology 1979;64:135‐9. - PubMed
Borenstein 1969 {published data only}
    1. Borenstein P, Champion C, Cujo P, Gekiere F, Olivenstein C, Kramarz P. An original psychotropic drug: sulpiride [Un psychotrope original: le sulpiride]. Semaine des Hopitaux 1969;19:1301‐14. - PubMed
Bruscky 1974 {published data only}
    1. Bruscky SB, Caldeira MV, Bueno JR. [Ensaio clínico com sulpiride]. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria 1974;32:234‐9. - PubMed
Burchard 1972 {published data only}
    1. Burchard JM, Gross L, Kempe P. [Sulpirid: stationare und ambulante behandlung psychiatrischer patienten und doppelblinduntersuchung des wirkungsspektrums]. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology 1972;6:266‐8. - PubMed
Carranza 1971 {published data only}
    1. Carranza J, Vargas L, Gomez J. [Valoración doble ciega de la eficacia del sulpiride en pacientes esquizofrénicos]. Congres Mondial de Psychiatrie. México 1971.
    1. Carranza J, Vargas L, Gomez J. A double blind evaluation of sulpiride: a new antipsychotic compound. American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1973;14:132‐3.
Carrere 1968 {published data only}
    1. Carrere J. Study of the effects of sulpiride on the mental state of 40 mental patients [Etude des effets du Sulpiride sur l'etat psychique de quarante malades mentaux]. Annales Medico Psychologiques Paris 1968;2:560‐74. - PubMed
Catapano 1991 {published data only}
    1. Catapano F, Ventra C, Perna L, Maj M, et al. Efficacy of low versus high doses of sulpiride on negative symptoms of schizophrenia [Efficacia della l sulpiride a due differenti dosaggi sulla sintomatologia negativa della schizofrenia]. Rivista di Psichiatria 1991;266:315‐9.
Colard 1970 {published data only}
    1. Collard J. [Le sulpiride: un neuroleptique singulier, antiautistique et thymanaleptique]. Semaine des Hopitaux Paris 1969;45:3028‐33. - PubMed
    1. Collard J. [Le sulpiride: un neuroleptique singulier, antiautistique et thymanaleptique]. Therapeutique 1970;46:503‐6. - PubMed
Courdec 1971 {published data only}
    1. Couderc L. Apropos of a recent clinical trial of Dogmatil [A propos d'un essai clinique recent du dogmatil]. Psychopharmacologie 1971;7:19‐54. - PubMed
Eckmann 1974 {published data only}
    1. Eckmann F. Clinical studies with sulpiride in schizophrenics hospitalized for many years [Klinische Untersuchungen mit Sulpirid bei langjahrig hospitalisierten schizophren Kranken]. Agressologie 1978;19:153‐6. - PubMed
    1. Eckmann F. Clinical study on sulpride in long‐standing schizophrenia of hospitalized patients [Klinische Untersuchungen mit Sulpirid bei langjahrig hospitalisierten schizophrenen Kranken]. Arzneimittel forschung 1974;24:993‐4. - PubMed
Elizur 1975 {published data only}
    1. Elizur A, Davidson S. The evaluation of the anti‐autistic activity of sulpiride. Current Therapeutic Research 1975;18:578‐84. - PubMed
Gerlach 1985 {published data only}
    1. Gerlach J, Behnke K, Heltberg J, et al. Dogmatil and haloperidol for the treatment of schizophrenia. Double‐blind cross‐over study of therapeutic effectiveness, side effects and plasma concentrations [Le dogmatil et l'haloperidol dans le traitement de la schizophrenie. Etude croisee en double aveugle de láction therapeutique, des effets secondaires et des concentrations plasmatiques]. Semaine des Hopitaux 1985;61:1309‐16.
    1. Gerlach J, Behnke K, Heltberg J, Munk Anderson E, Nielsen H. Sulpiride and haloperidol in schizophrenia: a double‐blind cross‐over study of therapeutic effect, side effects and plasma concentrations. British Journal of Psychiatry 1985;147:283‐8. - PubMed
    1. Munk Andersen E, Behnke K, Heltberg J, Nielsen H, Gerlach J. Sulpiride versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia [Sulpirid versus haloperidol i behandling af skizofreni. En kort, praeliminaer rapport]. Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift 1984;38:223‐8.
    1. Munk Andersen E, Behnke K, Heltberg J, Nielsen H, Gerlach J. Sulpiride versus haloperidol, a clinical trial in schizophrenia. A preliminary report. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1984;311:31‐41. - PubMed
Goldwurm 1978 {published data only}
    1. Goldwurm GF, Peghini R. Therapeutic and side effects of treatment with sulpiride [Effets therapeutiques et effets secondaires par le traitement avec sulpiride]. Agressologie 1978;19:157‐64. - PubMed
Guazelli 1995 {published data only}
    1. Guazelli M, Barracchia E, Bertolino I, Casacchia M, Ciapparelli A, et al. Clinical effects of l‐sulpiride versus haloperidol in acutely relapsed chronic schizophrenics: therapeutic efficacy on 'disorganization'?. 8th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress. Venice, Italy September 30‐October 4, 1995.
Haase 1974 {published data only}
    1. Haase HJ, Floru L, Ulrich F. A clinical neuroleptic study of N ((1 athyl pyrrolidin 2 yl) methyl) 2 methoxy 5 sulfamoyl benzamid neuroleptikums sulpirid (Dogmatil) in acute schizophrenia cases. International Pharmacopsychiatry 1974;9:77‐94. - PubMed
Halpern 1973 {published data only}
    1. Halpern B, Sircovich O, Winni HZ. A clinical experiment with sulpiride. Israel Annals of Psychiatry and Related Disciplines 1973;11:1‐10. - PubMed
Hayano 1993 {published data only}
    1. Hayano T. Prediction of clinical drug effects (3) ‐ review of double blind test between sultopride and sulpiride. Journal of the Wakayama Medical Society 1993;44:321‐7.
Lewis 1983 {published data only}
    1. Lewis DM, Bond HR, Curry SH. Sulpiride trial in chronic schizophrenia with comparison of two dosage regimens. Psychopharmacology ‐ Berlin 1983;80:259‐62. - PubMed
Martins 1974 {published data only}
    1. Martins C, Neves DF, Gama GAS, Gavioli HR, Carvalho IMA, Amaral MAN, Vieira NC, Oliveira RB, Leal WG, Assis LM. [Ensaio com sulpiride em esquizofrênicos hospitalizados]. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria 1974;32:228‐33. - PubMed
Mielke 1977 {published data only}
    1. Mielke DH, Gallant DM, Kessler C. An evaluation of a unique new antipsychotic agent, sulpiride: effects on serum prolactin and growth hormone levels. American Journal of Psychiatry 1977;134:1371‐5. - PubMed
    1. Mielke DH, Gallant DM, Roniger JJ, KesslerC, Kessler LR. Sulpiride: evaluation of antipsychotic activity in schizophrenic patients. Diseases of the Nervous System 1977;38:569‐71. - PubMed
Mouren 1970 {published data only}
    1. Mouren P, Mayet J, Larrieu A. Clinical trial of a new molecule, sulpiride, in psychiatric practice [Essai clinique d'une molecule nouvelle, le sulpiride, en pratique psychiatrique]. Semaine des Hopitaux 1970;46:97‐103. - PubMed
Nishikawa 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Nishikawa T, Sato M, Hayashi T, Tanaka M, Tanaka S, Koga I, Uchida Y, Kawahara R. Intermittent withdrawal program of neuroleptics with sulpiride in remitted schizophrenic outpatients. Human Psychopharmacology 1997;12:510‐1.
Nishiura 1976 {published data only}
    1. Nishiura, M. Clinico‐pharmacological studies of sulpiride. Current Therapeutic Research 1976;20:164‐72. - PubMed
Nurowska 1980 {published data only}
    1. Nurowska K. Clinical evaluation of sulpiride [Ocena kliniczna sulpirydu]. Psychiatrica Polska 1980;14:37‐42. - PubMed
Pinto 1972 {published data only}
    1. Pinto CAC. [O uso do supiride em esquizofrenia (ensaio duplo cego)]. Boletim de Psiquiatria 1972;5:103‐42.
Strauss 1973 {published data only}
    1. Strauss J. Therapeutic note: clinical trial of sulpiride in the treatment of the hebephrenias. Information Psychiatrique 1973;49:391‐3.
Svestka 1990 {published data only}
    1. Svestka J, Rysanek R, Ceskova E, Nahunek K. Cross‐over comparison of the therapeutic effects of sulpiride and perphenazine in schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychoses. Acta Nervosa Superior 1989;31(1):35‐6. - PubMed
    1. Svestka J, Rysanek R, Nahunek K, Ceskova E. Therapeutic results in schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychosis with sulpiride (Eglonyl Alkaloid), as compared with perphenazine (Perfenazin Spofa). Ceskolovenska Psychiatrie 1990;86:145‐56. - PubMed
Uvod 1970 {published data only}
    1. Uvod I. Sulpiride in the treatment of chronic psychosis (our clinical experience) [Sulpiride u terapiji kronicnih psihoza (nasa klinicka iskustva)]. Godisen Zbornik na Medicinskiot Fakulltet Vo Skopje 1972;18:113‐9. - PubMed
Vaisanen 1975 {published data only}
    1. Vaisanen K, Kainulainen P, Paavilainen MT, Viukari M. Sulpiride versus chlorpromazine and placebo in the treatment of restless mentally subnormal patients: a double‐blind cross‐over study. Current Therapeutic Research 1975;17:202‐5. - PubMed
Wagenaar 1988 {published data only}
    1. Wagenaar G, Pultiere S, Liling C. Clinical trial of high‐dose Dogmatil (200 mg) in the management of productive psychoses [Etude clinique du Dogmatil fort (200 mg) dans le traitement des psychoses productives]. Annales de Psychiatrie 1988;3:75‐7.
Xia Chia 1995 {published data only}
    1. Xia Chia L. Flupenthixol and sulpiride in treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Chinese Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 1995;21:234‐6.
Yamaoka 1995 {published data only}
    1. Yamaoka K. A study of psychopharmaca effect on electrodermal activity, subjective mood change, psychotic symptoms and results of treatment. Journal Nara Medical Association 1995;46:516‐30.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Amakusa 1973 {published data only}
    1. Amakusa T, Majima T. Comparison of therapeutic effects of FK 880 (sulpiride) and perphenazine in schizophrenia by a double‐blind controlled study. Juntendo Medical Journal 1973;19:239‐49.
Bellomo 1972 {published data only}
    1. Bellomo LM, Fernandez H. [Investigation a "double essai aveugle" du Sulpiride sur des malades psychotiques. Evaluation psychiatrique et psychologique clinique]. Minerva Psiquiatrica Argentina 1972;1:29‐50.
Ishimaru 1971 {published data only}
    1. Ishimaru T, Kubo S, Ishikawa H, Jitsuoki S, Kawamura T, Kimura N, Kodama H, Masuda K, Miyake Y, Nomura S, Sasaki T, Schimonaga R, Tsukue I, Asada S. Clinical evaluation on therapeutic effects of sulpiride, a new neuroleptic drug on schizophrenia, by double‐blind controlled test. Hiroshima Journal of Medical Science 1971;19:131‐54.
Kogeorgos 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kogeorgos J, Kanellos O, Michalakeas A, Ioannidis J. Sulpiride and risperidone versus "classical neuroleptics" in schizophrenia: a follow‐up study. 8th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress. Venice, Italy 1995.
Liu 1996 {published data only}
    1. Liu KL, Lung FW. Difference in prolaction response of schizophrenic patients to equivalent doses of haloperidol, remoxipride and sulpiride. Kao Hsiung I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih 1996;12:685‐90. - PubMed
Souto Silveira 1972 {published data only}
    1. Souto da Silveira E, Prado LC, Costa CA, Nunes de Faria R, Bertoni M. The use of sulpiride in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Tribuna Medica 1971;XIV/11:1‐3.
Yang 1988 {published data only}
    1. Yang W J. Three antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia ‐ a controlled and double‐blind study. Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih 1988;21:277‐80, 318‐9. - PubMed
Zann 1986 {published data only}
    1. Zann M, Colonna L, Petit M, Lesieur P. Disinhibitory effect of sulpiride in 18 hebephrenic patients: a controlled study [Etude controlee de l'effet desihibiteur du sulpiride chez 18 patients hebephrenes]. Psychologie Medicale 1986;18:569‐70.

Additional references

Altman 1996
    1. Altman DG, Bland JM. Detecting skeweness from summary information. British Medical Journal 1996;313:1200. [SUL020600] - PMC - PubMed
Andreasen 1983
    1. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: The University of Iowa, 1983.
Andreasen 1984
    1. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City: The University of Iowa, 1984.
Asberg 1978
    1. Asberg M, Montgomery S, Perris C, Schalling D, Sedvall G. CPRS ‐ The comprehensive psychopathological scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1978;271:5‐27. - PubMed
Azorin 1992
    1. Azorin JM, Dassa D, Jalfre M. The atypical neuroleptic concept [Le concept de neuroleptique atypique]. Encephale 1992;18(3):453‐7. - PubMed
Begg 1996
    1. Begg C, Cho M, Eastwood S, Horton R, Moher D, Olkin I, Pitkin R, Rennie D, Schulz KF, Simel D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement. JAMA 1996;276:637‐9. - PubMed
Caley 1995
    1. Caley CF, Weber SS. Sulpiride: an antipsychotic with selective dopaminergic antagonist properties. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 1995;2:153‐60. - PubMed
Chalmers 1983
    1. Chalmers TC, Celano P, Sacks HS, Smith H Jr. Bias in treatment assignment in controlled clinical trials. New England Journal of Medicine 1983;309(22):1358‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chang 1995
    1. Chang Hong W. The clinical efficacy of sulpiride in treatment of type II schizophrenia. Chinese Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry 1995;8:141‐4.
Gerlach 1991
    1. Gerlach J. New antipsychotics: classification, efficacy, and adverse effects. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1991;17(2):289‐309. - PubMed
Ghose 1977
    1. Ghose K. Lithium salts: therapeutic and unwanted effects. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 1977;18:578‐83. - PubMed
Guy 1976
    1. Guy W. Early clinical drug evaluation (ECDEU) assessment manual for psychopharmacology: National Institute of Mental Health Publication No.76‐33. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1976.
Honigfeld 1965
    1. Honigfeld G, Klett CJ. The nurses' observation scale for inpatient evaluation. A new scale for measuring improvement in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1965;21:65‐71. - PubMed
Jenner 1981
    1. Jenner P, Marsden CD. Substituded benzamide drugs as selective neuroleptic agents. Neuropharmacology 1981;20:1285‐93. - PubMed
Johnstone 1978
    1. Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Carney MW, Price JS. Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. Lancet 1978;1(8069):848‐51. - PubMed
Krawiecka 1977
    1. Krawiecka M, Goldberg D, Vaughan M. A standardised psychiatric assassment scale for rating chronic psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1977;35:299‐308. - PubMed
Lorr 1963
    1. Lorr M, Klett CJ, McNair DM, Lasky JJ. Inpatient multidimensional psychiatric scale. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1963.
Mauri 1994
    1. Mauri MC, Leva P, Coppola MT, Altamura CA. L‐sulpiride in young and elderly negative schizophrenics: clinical and pharmacokinetic variables. Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1994;8(2):355‐6. - PubMed
Mauri 1996
    1. Mauri MC, Bravin S, Bitetto A, Rudelli R, Invernizzi, G. A risk‐benefit assessment of sulpiride in the treatment of schizophrenia. Drug Safety 1996;14(5):288‐98. - PubMed
Moher 1998
    1. Moher D, Pham B, Jones A, Cook DJ, Jadad AR, Moher M, Tugwell P, Klassen TP. Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta‐analyses?. Lancet 1998;352(9128):609‐13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mulrow 1999
    1. Mulrow CD, Oxman AD. Cochrane Collaboration Handbook [updated March 1999]. The Cochrane Library [database on disk and CDROM]. The Cochrane Collaboration.
NIMH 1975
    1. National Institute of Mental Health. Psychopharmacology Research Branch. Development of a dyskinetic movement scale. Early Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Interco 1975;4:3‐6.
Overall 1961
    1. Overall JE, Gorham DE. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychology Reports 1961;10:799‐812.
Owens 1980
    1. Owens DGC, Johnstone EC. The disabilities of chronic schizophrenia: their nature and the factors contributing to their development. British Journal of Psychiatry 1980;136:384‐95. - PubMed
Peselow 1982
    1. Peselow ED, Stanley M. Clinical trials of benzamides in psychiatry. Advanced Biochemical Psychopharmacology 1982;35:163‐94. - PubMed
Rolth 1995
    1. Roth BL, Tandra S, Burgess LH, Sibley DR, Meltzer HY. D4 Dopamine receptor binding affinity does not distinguish between typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Psychopharmacology 1995;120:365‐8. - PubMed
Sanyal 1997
    1. Sanyal S, Tol HH. Review the role of dopamine D4 receptors in schizophrenia and antipsychotic action. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1997;31(2):219‐32. - PubMed
Schmidt
    1. Schmidt CJ, Sorensen SM, Kehne JH, Carr AA, Palfreyman MG. The role of 5‐HT2A receptors in antipsychotic activity. Life Sciences 1995;56(25):2209‐22. - PubMed
Schulz 1995
    1. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Grimes DA, Altman DG. Assessing the quality of randomization from reports of controlled trials published in obstetrics and gynecology journals. JAMA 1994;272(2):125‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Simpson 1970
    1. Simpson EN, Angus JWF. A rating scale for extrpyramidal side‐effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1970;212:11‐9. - PubMed
Thornley 1999
    1. Thornley B, Adams CE, Awad G. Chlorpromazine versus placebo for those with schizophrenia. The Cochrane Library 1999, Issue 2.
Weizman 1985
    1. Weizman A, Maoz B, Treves I, Asher I, Ben David M. Sulpiride‐induced hyperprolactinemia and impotence in male psychiatric outpatients. Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1985;9(2):193‐8. - PubMed
Wing 1961
    1. Wing JK. A simple and reliable subclassification of chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science 1961;107:862‐76. - PubMed
Yamagami 1985
    1. Yamagami S. A cross‐over study of clocapramine and haloperidol in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of International Medical Research 1985;13:301. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources