Mothers' child-feeding practices influence daughters' eating and weight

Abstract

Background: Childhood overweight has increased dramatically, particularly among young girls. Genetic and environmental factors produce the overweight phenotype. Nonshared environments appear to account for a substantial proportion of the population variance in overweight but remain largely unspecified and unmeasured.

Objective: Our goal was to evaluate the influence of maternal control in feeding, an aspect of nonshared family environment, on daughters' eating and relative weight.

Design: Structural equation modeling was used to test models that describe maternal influences on daughters' eating and relative weight. The participants were 197 white, non-Hispanic families with 5-y-old daughters. The mothers' own dietary restraint and their perceptions of their daughters' risk of overweight were used to predict maternal control in feeding, which was used to predict the daughters' eating and weight outcomes.

Results: Maternal body mass index was a modest predictor of daughters' relative weight. The addition of the family-environment pathway provided a good fit and showed additional, independent prediction of daughters' relative weight. Mothers' dietary restraint and perceptions of their daughters' risk of overweight predicted maternal child-feeding practices, which in turn predicted daughters' eating and relative weight.

Conclusions: Child-specific aspects of the family environment, including mothers' child-feeding practices and perceptions of their daughters' risk of overweight, may represent important, nonshared, environmental influences on daughters' eating and relative weight. The environmental effects noted were modest but comparable in magnitude to the direct association between maternal and child weight, which indicates that measuring family environmental factors can enhance our understanding of the etiology of childhood overweight.

FIGURE 1

Theoretical model depicting influences of the family environment on daughters’ relative weight.

FIGURE 2

Structural equation full model that tested the influences of the family environment on girls’ eating and weight outcomes. ^aChild-Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) Perceived Child Weight Subscale and Concerns About Child Overweight Subscale; ^bEating Inventory Restraint Subscale; ^cBody mass index (in kg/m²); ^dMothers’ restriction of daughters’ eating, with factor loadings for the CFQ Monitoring and CFQ Restriction Subscales and Restricted-Access Questionnaire; ^ecompensation procedure (COMPX, reverse scored) and free-access procedure; ^f24-h recalls; ^gNational Center for Health Statistics weight-for-height z scores.