[Pre-eclampsia--a review]

Abstract

Background: Preeclampsia is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria with or without oedema.

Material and methods: The authors highlight some aspects of preeclampsia: epidemiology, classification, clinical evaluation and treatment.

Results: The condition may be classified as light or severe. Preeclampsia can induce damage to the placenta, liver, kidneys and brain, in addition to complications like the HELLP syndrome, placental abruption and eclampsia. Thrombocyte activation may cause activation of the coagulation system and thrombocytopenia. Early onset preeclampsia (< 34 weeks) is often associated with placental infarcts and reduced fetal growth.

Interpretation: We focus on early signs and close clinical surveillance. The diastolic blood pressure should be estimated with Korotkoffs' phase V. Patients with early onset preeclampsia should be hospitalized, as should women with hypertension and newly developed proteinuria. Antihypertensive treatment is discussed. Cases with reduced fetal growth and those with severe preeclampsia should in most cases be delivered preterm. Vaginal delivery is preferable. Labour may be induced by oxtocin, following cervical prostaglandin stimulation as indicated. In such cases cardiotocography surveillance during labour should be performed. Caesarean section may be performed in selected cases. Patients with mild preeclampsia can await spontaneous vaginal delivery at term, but delivery should be induced if they proceed past term.