Fluid compartments of the embryonic environment

Abstract

The exocoelomic cavity was probably the last remaining physiological body fluid cavity to be explored in the human embryo. Its unique anatomical position has enabled us to study the protein metabolism of the early placenta and secondary yolk sac and to explore materno-embryonic transfer pathways. The exocoelomic cavity forms inside the extraembryonic mesoderm alongside the placental chorionic plate and is now believed to be an important transfer interface and a reservoir of nutrients for the embryo. Maternal or placental proteins filtered in the extraembryonic coelomic cavity are probably absorbed by the secondary yolk sac which is directly connected with the primitive digestive system throughout embryonic development. Protein electrophoresis has shown that the coelomic fluid results from an ultrafiltrate of maternal serum with the addition of specific placental and secondary yolk sac bioproducts demonstrating that the exocoelomic cavity is a physiological liquid extension of the early placenta. The selective sampling of fluid from the exocoelomic cavity has also offered a novel approach to the study of drug and toxin transfer across the early human placenta and as a unique tool to explore embryonic physiology in vivo. Further investigation should include a comparison between the coelomic fluid values of a molecule and its quantifiable presence in decidual, placental and fetal tissues.