Intergenerational effects of high socioeconomic status on low birthweight and preterm birth in African Americans

Abstract

As socioeconomic status (SES) increases, the incidence of low birthweight and preterm birth decreases irrespective of social class. However, low birthweight remains twice as high for African-American women as for white women even when SES is controlled. This study examines to what extent second generation high SES African-American women experience improvement in birthweight and gestational age. One hundred eighty-nine former Meharry students were surveyed. Identified were 934 births that are the children and grandchildren of these students who matriculated at Meharry. These infants are compared with a cohort of white mothers from a study in the School of Public Health at Yale University. Low birthweight was reduced in the third generation high SES African-American children (6.9%) from the second generation (11.4%) but remained higher than white children (3.3%). Results showed that African-American third generation children remained at higher risk for low birthweight than were white children (relative risk [RR], 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03, 3.09). Similar results were observed for preterm delivery where the increased risk to third generation African-American children was 3.16 (1.89, 5.27). Persistent strong ethnic differences in birthweight in this high SES cohort (OR = 3.16, 95% CI, 1.89-5.27) support a conclusion that African-American women have birthweight distributions that are somewhat lighter than white women. This may explain a portion of current ethnic differences in birthweight. It is also possible that persistent psychosocial and behavioral factors continue to negatively influence birthweight, even in second generation high SES African-American mothers. This explanation will require identification of powerful risk factors, which are largely unrelated to those presently under investigation.