The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and success in nutrient delivery with gastric versus small intestinal feeding: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract

Background: Enteral feeding provides nutrients for patients who require endotracheal tubes and mechanical ventilation. There is a presumed increase in the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with tube feeding. This has stimulated the development of procedures for duodenal intubation and small intestinal (SI) feeding as primary prophylaxes to prevent VAP.

Objective: To investigate the rate of VAP and adequacy of nutrient delivery with gastric (G) vs. SI feeding.

Design: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

Setting: A medical intensive care unit of a county hospital.

Patients: A total of 44 endotracheally intubated, mechanically ventilated patients requiring enteral nutrition.

Intervention: Subjects were randomized to receive enteral nutrition via G or SI feeding. Protocols directed the placement of the feeding tube and the infusion of enteral nutrition and defined the radiographic and clinical criteria for a diagnosis of VAP.

Measurements and outcomes: The incidence of VAP and the adequacy of nutritional supplementation were prospectively followed. The relative risk of VAP with SI was 1.1 (95% confidence interval 0.96-2.44) compared with G. The SI group received a greater percentage of their caloric requirements (SI 69 +/- 7% vs. G 47 +/- 7%, mean +/- SEM, p < .05). Mortality did not differ between G (26 +/- 9%) and SI (24 +/- 10, p = .86).

Conclusions: There is no clear difference in the incidence of VAP in SI compared with G enteral nutrition. Patients given feeding into the SI do receive higher calorie and protein intakes.