Autoantigen-responsive T cell clones demonstrate unfocused TCR cross-reactivity toward multiple related ligands: implications for autoimmunity

Abstract

It has been suggested that the cross-reaction of a single T cell receptor with multiple different peptide ligands is a mechanism for maintaining a diverse yet compact immune repertoire. In the context of autoimmune disease it is important to understand how this property is balanced against the maintenance of self-tolerance. Specifically, whether the cross-reactivity inherent in the immune system is focused or unfocused will have important consequences for the development of autoimmune disease. If cross-reactivity is "focused," then in an immune response to a foreign antigen all T cell receptors that recognize the foreign antigen will cross-react with a specific autoantigenic peptide. However, if cross-reactivity is "unfocused," an immune response to a foreign antigen will result in the activation of a small number of self-reactive cells within a larger pool of cells specific for the foreign antigen. We have tested whether cross-reactivity is focused or unfocused by generating a panel of T cell clones that respond to two closely related ligands. W144 is an autoantigenic peptide of myelin proteolipid protein, PLP 139-151 (HSLGKWLGHPDKF), and Q144 is an altered peptide of PLP 139-151 bearing a glutamine for tryptophan substitution at position 144. The Q144-responsive clones have a broad degree of cross-reactivity with other position 144 substituted peptides. We find that despite their characteristic responses to Q144 and W144, the patterns of responses of these clones to other structurally related ligands are random, demonstrating that cross-reactivity is unfocused in the absence of selection. Maintaining a diverse range of cross-reactive interactions may limit nonspecific responses to autoantigens.