Application of flow cytometry to the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Abstract

Within the contemporary multitude of complex methods used in clinical flow cytometry, very few techniques exist which can be described as disease-specific diagnostic tests. Detection of glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked antigens on hematopoietic cells using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry forms the basis of a specific diagnostic test for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Absent or markedly diminished expression of GPI-linked antigens is, in the appropriate clinical setting, specific for all patients with PNH. Clinically, PNH is a syndrome characterized by bone marrow failure, acquired hemolytic anemia, and a thrombotic tendency. The molecular genetic lesion responsible for this condition is a somatic mutation of the X-linked pig-a gene within a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell. Due to its rarity, delay in diagnosis is not uncommon for patients with PNH. Once a definitive diagnosis is established, this can make a considerable impact on patient management and prognosis. In this article, we review the complimentary roles that molecular biology and flow cytometry have played in unraveling the genotypic and phenotypic aspects of this unique condition.