[Viral superantigens]

Abstract

Viral superantigens bind several alleles and isotypes belonging to the MHC class II and subsequently activate particular T cell families via the variable portion of the beta chain of TCR. As a result, a superantigen bridges MHC and TCR molecules, leading to activation of T and B cells. The T expansion of various TCR V beta subsets is triggered on the basis of their V beta specificity, but not on their antigenic specificity. The best known superantigens are bacterial endotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. However, viruses such as mouse mammary tumor or rabies viruses encode superantigens too. The ability of superantigens to break the barriers of MHC restriction and to activate large numbers of T and B cells has led to the hypothesis that superantigens may activate autoreactive T and B cells to initiate or worsen autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or psoriasis.