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. 2000;2000(4):CD002776.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002776.

Prophylactic vitamin K for vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates

R M Puckett  1 , M Offringa
Affiliations

Prophylactic vitamin K for vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates

R M Puckett et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000.

Abstract

Background: Vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding in an infant in the first weeks of life. This is known as Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn (HDN). HDN is divided into three categories: early, classic and late HDN. Early HDN occurs within 24 hours post partum and falls outside the scope of this review. Classic HDN occurs on days one to seven; common bleeding sites are gastrointestinal, cutaneous, nasal and from a circumcision. Late HDN occurs from week 2-12; the most common bleeding sites are intracranial, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal. Vitamin K is commonly given prophylactically after birth for the prevention of HDN, but the preferred route is uncertain.

Objectives: To review the evidence from randomized trials in order to determine the effectiveness of vitamin K prophylaxis in the prevention of classic and late HDN. Main questions are: Is one dose of vitamin K, given after birth, able to significantly reduce the incidence of classic and late HDN? Is there a significant difference between the oral route and the intramuscular route in preventing classic and late HDN? Are multiple oral doses of vitamin K, given after birth, able to significantly reduce the incidence of classic and late HDN?

Search strategy: The standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was used.

Selection criteria: All trials using random or quasi-random patient allocation, in which methods of vitamin K prophylaxis in infants were compared to each other, placebo or no treatment, were included.

Data collection and analysis: Data were extracted independently by each author and were analysed with the standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group, using relative risk, risk difference and weighted mean difference.

Main results: Two eligible randomized trials, each comparing a single dose of intramuscular vitamin K with placebo or nothing, assessed effect on clinical bleeding. One dose of vitamin K reduced clinical bleeding at 1-7 days, including bleeding after circumcision, and improved biochemical indices of coagulation status. Eleven additional eligible randomized trials compared either a single oral dose of vitamin K with placebo or nothing, a single oral with a single intramuscular dose of vitamin K, or three oral doses with a single intramuscular dose. None of these trials assessed clinical bleeding. Oral vitamin K improved biochemical indices of coagulation status at 1-7 days. There was no evidence of a difference between the oral and intramuscular route in effects on biochemical indices of coagulation status. A single oral compared with a single intramuscular dose resulted in lower plasma vitamin K levels at two weeks and one month, whereas a 3-dose oral schedule resulted in higher plasma vitamin K levels at two weeks and at two months than did a single intramuscular dose.

Reviewer's conclusions: A single dose (1.0 mg) of intramuscular vitamin K after birth is effective in the prevention of classic HDN. Either intramuscular or oral (1.0 mg) vitamin K prophylaxis improves biochemical indices of coagulation status at 1-7 days. Neither intramuscular nor oral vitamin K has been tested in randomized trials with respect to effect on late HDN. Oral vitamin K, either single or multiple dose, has not been tested in randomized trials for its effect on either classic or late HDN.

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Conflict of interest statement

None

Figures

1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 IM vitamin K vs. placebo or nothing, Outcome 1 HDN/ VKDB.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 IM vitamin K vs. placebo or nothing, Outcome 2 Bleeding after circumcision.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 IM vitamin K vs. placebo or nothing, Outcome 3 PIVKA II present.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 IM vitamin K vs. placebo or nothing, Outcome 4 Prothrombin index (% of normal).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Oral (single dose) vitamin K vs. placebo or nothing, Outcome 1 PIVKA II present.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Oral (single dose) vitamin K vs. placebo or nothing, Outcome 2 Prothrombin time (seconds).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Oral (single dose) vitamin K vs. placebo or nothing, Outcome 3 Echis factor II.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Oral (single dose) vitamin K vs. placebo or nothing, Outcome 4 Ratio factor II/ Echis II.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Oral (single dose) vitamin K vs. placebo or nothing, Outcome 5 Prothrombin index (% of normal).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Oral (single dose) vs. intramuscular vitamin K, Outcome 1 PIVKA II present.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Oral (single dose) vs. intramuscular vitamin K, Outcome 2 PIVKA II levels.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Oral (single dose) vs. intramuscular vitamin K, Outcome 3 Plasma vitamin K1 (ng/ml).
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Oral (single dose) vs. intramuscular vitamin K, Outcome 4 Prolonged prothrombin time (>1.5 normal).
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Oral (single dose) vs. intramuscular vitamin K, Outcome 5 Prothrombin antigen.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Oral (single dose) vs. intramuscular vitamin K, Outcome 6 Prothrombin index (% of normal).
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Oral (single dose) vs. intramuscular vitamin K, Outcome 7 Coagulation factors II+ VII+ X (fraction of normal adult values).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Oral (3 doses mixed micellar) vs. intramuscular vitamin K, Outcome 1 Plasma vitamin K1 (ng/ml).
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Oral (3 doses mixed micellar) vs. intramuscular vitamin K, Outcome 2 INR.
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References

References to studies included in this review

Bakhshi 1996 {published data only}
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