Antiarrhythmic agents and proarrhythmia

Abstract

The Vaughn Williams classification divides antiarrhythmic agents into four groups according to their effects on various ion channels. Class I agents block sodium channels and are subdivided into three groups. The use of class Ia agents is gradually on the decline, secondary to lack of a favorable risk/benefit ratio. Class Ib agents include lidocaine, which is extensively used for the acute treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Class Ic drugs are not advisable for patients with structural cardiac abnormalities secondary to a high risk of proarrhythmia. They are mainly used for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. beta blockers form class II. Class III agents, such as amiodarone and sotalol, prolong action potential duration and repolarization and are among the most widely used antiarrhythmics. They are the subject of active research, and newer agents are being developed. Calcium-channel blockers are grouped under class IV. Digoxin and adenosine have unique antiarrhythmic properties, which can be useful in the management of selected patients. All antiarrhythmic drugs have the potential to provoke arrhythmias and, therefore, should be used with caution. The risk of proarrhythmia is increased in patients with abnormal cardiac substrate, with electrolyte abnormalities, and during drug initiation. Correction of electrolyte imbalance and prevention of bradycardia while the drug is metabolized and/or excreted are the cornerstones of proarrhythmia management.