Systemic or local co-administration of lactoferrin with sensitizing dose of antigen enhances delayed type hypersensitivity in mice

Abstract

Lactoferrin (LF), a major defense protein synthesized and stored in granulocytes has been implicated in maintaining immune homeostasis during an insult-induced metabolic imbalance. In this study, we demonstrated that lactoferrin augments the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to specific antigens in mice. Lactoferrin (LF) was given to mice orally or intraperitoneally (i.p. ) at the time of immunization, or subcutaneously (s.c.) in a mixture with the immunizing doses of the following antigens, sheep red blood cells (SRBC), Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG) or ovalbumin (OVA). A DTH reaction was determined 24 h after administration of an eliciting dose of antigen as a specific increase in foot pad swelling. Lactoferrin enhanced DTH reaction to all studied antigens in a dose-dependent manner. Lactoferrin (LF) given to mice in conjunction with antigen administered in an incomplete Freund's adjuvant induced the DTH response at the level of control mice given antigen in a complete Freund's adjuvant. In addition, LF remarkably increased DTH response to a very small, otherwise non-immunogenic SRBC dose. The increase in DTH response was less pronounced for orally administered LF than for any other routes of administration, however, statistically significant augmentation was demonstrated for each antigen studied. Although the costimulatory action of LF was accompanied by the appearance of bovine lactoferrin-specific cellular responses in mice, it is very unlikely that such responses will be generated in humans, since bovine lactoferrin is a dietary antigen to which a tolerance has been acquired. Considering the involvement of LF in generation of stimulatory signals during the induction phase of an antigen specific immune responses, we suggest that LF may be useful for development of safer and more efficacious vaccination protocols.