Effect of butyl benzyl phthalate in Sprague-Dawley rats after gavage administration: a two-generation reproductive study

Abstract

Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), a plasticizer, has been shown in in vitro studies to be weakly estrogenic, and in in vivo studies to possess testicular toxicity and teratogenicity, but few experimental data on BBP multigeneration effects on reproduction in mammals are available. The present two-generation reproductive study was conducted in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats using oral doses of 0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day BBP. Endpoints were chosen in order to evaluate both subchronic and reproductive toxicity. In the parent animals (F(0)), a decrease in body weight gain was observed in males in the 500 mg/kg/day group, although no significant decrease in food consumption was found. No dose-related changes were observed in estrous cyclicity, fertility, or lactation. A dose-dependent increase in kidney weight in rats of both sexes, an increase in liver weight in males, and a decrease in the weight of the ovaries in females were observed. No macroscopic or microscopic changes were found in the reproductive system of males or females. Oral administration of BBP caused a decrease in the serum concentration of testosterone, and an increase in FSH. In the next generation (F(1)), the body weight of male and female offspring at birth in the 100 and 500 mg/kg groups was significantly decreased, and the body weight in the 500 mg/kg group was lower throughout the study, while viability was not affected. Anogenital distance (AGD) at birth was decreased in male pups and was increased in female pups of the 500 mg/kg/day group. Preputial separation for male offspring in the 500 mg/kg/day group was delayed, while vaginal opening for female offspring in this group was not affected. BBP did not affect reproductive ability, including delivery and lactation, at any dose whereas macroscopic and microscopic changes of the testis, and decreased serum concentrations of testosterone were observed in male offspring of the 500 mg/kg/day group after puberty. From these data, it would appear that 20 mg/kg BBP is a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for reproductive effects on parent animals and the next generation.