Bioactivation of tegafur to 5-fluorouracil is catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 2A6 in human liver microsomes in vitro

Abstract

Tegafur is a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) consisting of a new class of oral chemotherapeutic agents, tegafur/uracil and S-1, which are classified as dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitory fluoropyrimidines. It is bioactivated to 5-FU via 5'-hydroxylation mediated by cytochrome P-450 (CYP). However, which isoform(s) of CYP is responsible for the bioactivation process of tegafur remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to identify the human CYP isoform(s) involved in the metabolic activation of tegafur using human liver microsomes and cDNA-expressed human CYPs. The formation of 5-FU from tegafur in human liver microsomes showed biphase kinetics with Km and Vmax values for the high-affinity component of 0.43 +/- 0.05 mM and 4.02 +/- 1.70 nmol/mg/min (mean +/- SD, n = 4), respectively. In the correlation study using a panel of 10 human liver microsomes, the formation of 5-FU from tegafur showed a significant correlation (r = 0.98; P < 0.001) with coumarin 7-hydroxylation, a marker activity of CYP2A6. In addition, a specific substrate of CYP2A6 and anti-CYP2A6 antibody inhibited the formation of 5-FU by 90% in human liver microsomes. Moreover, cDNA-expressed CYP2A6 showed the highest activity for the formation of 5-FU among 10 cDNA-expressed CYPs, with a Km value similar to that found for the high-affinity component in human liver microsomes. These findings clearly suggest that CYP2A6 is a principal enzyme responsible for the bioactivation process of tegafur in human liver microsomes. However, to what extent the bioactivation of tegafur by CYP2A6 accounts for the formation of 5-FU in vivo remains unclear, because the formation of 5-FU from tegafur is also catalyzed by the soluble fraction of a 100,000 x g supernatant and also derived from spontaneous degradation of tegafur.