Cerebral malaria

Abstract

Cerebral malaria is a rapidly progressive potentially fatal complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. It is characterized by unarousable and persistent coma along with symmetrical motor signs. Children, pregnant women and non-immune adults are more susceptible to have cerebral malaria. Several clinical, histopathological and laboratory studies have suggested that cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes (mechanical hypothesis), and neuronal injury by malarial toxin and excessive cytokine (e.g. tissue necrosis factor-alpha) production (cytotoxic hypothesis) are possible pathogenic mechanisms. Several associated systemic complications like hypoglycemia, hypovolemia, hyperpyrexia, renal failure, bleeding disorders, anemia, lactic acidosis and pulmonary oedema may contribute in the pathogenesis of coma, and are responsible for high mortality. The meticulous supportive care along with intravenous administration of antimalarial drugs are corner-stone of the treatment. Quinine is currently, drug of choice. Artimisinin derivatives are equally effective and can be used by intramuscular route. In severe cases exchange blood transfusion may be an effective alternative. Corticosteroids has no place in the management of cerebral malaria. The occurrence of convulsions are common in children, these can be prevented with the use of single intramuscular administration of phenobarbitone. Despite advances in the management mortality and morbidity have not changed much. A large number of surviving patients are left with permanent neurological sequelae. There is a need to search for effective malaria prevention and interventional strategies to avert high mortality and morbidity associated with cerebral malaria.