Inhibition of allergic inflammation by C-terminal peptides of the prohormone submandibular rat 1 (SMR-1)

Abstract

Background: The C-terminal of the prohormone submandibular rat 1 protein (SMR-1) contains several small peptides that reduce the severity of allergic inflammation and septic shock, and are part of the cervical sympathetic trunk-submandibular gland (SMG) axis of neuroendocrine immunology. These peptides include the heptapeptide, submandibular gland peptide-T and the tripeptide FEG. The D-isomeric form of this tripeptide, feG, which is active when administered orally, reduces LPS-provoked leukocyte rolling on mesenteric venules and influx of inflammatory cells into the peritoneum and intestinal muscle.

Methods: To investigate the mechanism of action of these peptides, the influx of inflammatory molecules into the airways, and several properties of human neutrophils were examined.

Results: Oral feG (1 mg/kg) inhibited the influx of inflammatory cells into the airways lumen of allergen challenged, sensitized Brown Norway rats. This inhibition occurred whether feG was given 30 min prior to 6 h post allergen challenge. Moreover, feG in picomolar to nanomolar concentrations inhibited PAF elicited chemotaxis by 30-40%, but the peptides did not affect superoxide production or phagocytosis by neutrophils. feG reduced PAF-stimulated expression of CD11b.

Conclusions: feG may exert its anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the expression and functions of beta(2) integrins. The CST-SMG axis may be a major neuroendocrine pathway that modulates allergic asthma and other inflammatory responses.