In vivo magnetic resonance imaging and surgical histopathology of intracardiac masses: distinct features of subacute thrombi

Abstract

We evaluated intracardiac masses in vivo, in situ and histologically to determine tissue properties revealed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In 15 consecutive patients scheduled for cardiotomy, the cardiac chambers were studied preoperatively with MR imaging and echocardiography. Visual examination of one or more chambers was performed during cardiotomy for mitral valve replacement, aneurysmectomy, atrial septal repair and atriotomy. Six thrombi (1 atrial appendage, 5 ventricular) and 2 atrial myxomas were removed and subjected to histological analysis. All masses were detected preoperatively by MR imaging. The smallest was a subacute 3-mm mural clot in the left ventricle and was undetected by transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography. The 3 subacute clots had homogeneously low MR signals, did not enhance with gadolinium and exhibited magnetic susceptibility effects; histopathology confirmed these clots to be avascular and laden with dense iron deposition related to hemoglobin breakdown products. The 3 organized clots had intermediate and heterogeneous MR signals and multiple areas of gadolinium enhancement. The 2 myxomas had low MR signals and gadolinium enhancement in the core and septal attachment; these areas had dense neovascular channels. Subacute thrombi appear to have MR features that are distinct from organized thrombi and myxomas, and MR images of subacute thrombi contrast sharply with normal cardiac structures, enabling detection of thin mural clots that may be echographically occult. These findings may be of value, because a subacute clot may be more likely than an organized thrombus to give rise to an embolus.