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. 2001;2001(2):CD003098.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003098.

Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour

L French  1
Affiliations

Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour

L French. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001.

Abstract

Background: This is one of a series of reviews of methods of cervical ripening and labour induction using standardised methodology.

Objectives: To determine the effects of oral prostaglandin E2 for third trimester induction of labour.

Search strategy: The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and bibliographies of relevant papers. Date of last search: December 2000.

Selection criteria: The criteria for inclusion included the following: (1) clinical trials comparing oral prostaglandin E2 used for third trimester cervical ripening or labour induction with placebo/no treatment or other methods listed above it on a predefined list of labour induction methods; (2) random allocation to the treatment or control group; (3) adequate allocation concealment; (4) violations of allocated management not sufficient to materially affect conclusions; (5) clinically meaningful outcome measures reported; (6) data available for analysis according to the random allocation; (7) missing data insufficient to materially affect the conclusions.

Data collection and analysis: A strategy has been developed to deal with the large volume and complexity of trial data relating to labour induction. This involves a two-stage method of data extraction. The initial data extraction is done centrally, and incorporated into a series of primary reviews arranged by methods of induction of labour, following a standardised methodology. The data will then be extracted from the primary reviews into a series of secondary reviews, arranged by category of woman. To avoid duplication of data in the primary reviews, the labour induction methods have been listed in a specific order, from one to 25. Each primary review includes comparisons between one of the methods (from two to 25) with only those methods above it on the list.

Main results: There were 19 studies included in the review. Of these 15 included a comparison using either oral or intravenous oxytocin with or without amniotomy. The quality of studies reviewed was not high. Only seven studies had clearly described allocation concealment. Only two studies stated that providers and/or participants were blinded to treatment group. For the outcome of vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours, in the composite comparison of oral PGE2 versus all oxytocin treatments (oral and intravenous, with and without amniotomy), there was a trend favoring oxytocin treatments (relative risk (RR) 1.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86 to 4.48). For the outcome of cesarean section, in the comparison of PGE2 versus no treatment or placebo, PGE2 was favored (relative risk (RR) 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29,0.98). Otherwise, there were no significant differences between groups for this outcome. Oral prostaglandin was associated with vomiting across all comparison groups.

Reviewer's conclusions: Oral prostaglandin consistently resulted in more frequent gastrointestinal side effects, in particular vomiting, compared with the other treatments included in this review. There were no clear advantages to oral prostaglandin over other methods of induction of labour.

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Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oral prostaglandin vs placebeo or no treatment: all women, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
10.7
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oral prostaglandin vs placebeo or no treatment: all women, Outcome 7 Oxytocin augmentation.
10.8
10.8. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oral prostaglandin vs placebeo or no treatment: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
10.11
10.11. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oral prostaglandin vs placebeo or no treatment: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
10.20
10.20. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oral prostaglandin vs placebeo or no treatment: all women, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
10.21
10.21. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oral prostaglandin vs placebeo or no treatment: all women, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
10.28
10.28. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oral prostaglandin vs placebeo or no treatment: all women, Outcome 28 Maternal postpartum infections requiring antibiotics.
10.29
10.29. Analysis
Comparison 10 Oral prostaglandin vs placebeo or no treatment: all women, Outcome 29 Neonatal infections requiring antibiotics.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
11.8
11.8. Analysis
Comparison 11 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
11.11
11.11. Analysis
Comparison 11 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
12.7
12.7. Analysis
Comparison 12 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 7 Oxytocin augmentation.
12.8
12.8. Analysis
Comparison 12 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
12.20
12.20. Analysis
Comparison 12 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
12.21
12.21. Analysis
Comparison 12 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
12.28
12.28. Analysis
Comparison 12 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 28 Maternal postpartum infections requiring antibiotics.
12.29
12.29. Analysis
Comparison 12 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 29 Neonatal infections requiring antibiotics.
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
13.11
13.11. Analysis
Comparison 13 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
14.3
14.3. Analysis
Comparison 14 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
14.11
14.11. Analysis
Comparison 14 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
15.3
15.3. Analysis
Comparison 15 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
15.11
15.11. Analysis
Comparison 15 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
16.3
16.3. Analysis
Comparison 16 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all multiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
16.11
16.11. Analysis
Comparison 16 Oral prostaglandin vs placebo or no treatment: all multiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
20.3
20.3. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral prostaglandin vs vaginal prostaglandin: all women, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
20.6
20.6. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral prostaglandin vs vaginal prostaglandin: all women, Outcome 6 Cevrvix unfavorable/unchanged after12‐24 hours.
20.11
20.11. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral prostaglandin vs vaginal prostaglandin: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
21.3
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21 Oral prostaglandin vs vaginal prostaglandin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
21.6
21.6. Analysis
Comparison 21 Oral prostaglandin vs vaginal prostaglandin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 6 Cevrvix unfavorable/unchanged after12‐24 hours.
21.11
21.11. Analysis
Comparison 21 Oral prostaglandin vs vaginal prostaglandin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
22.3
22.3. Analysis
Comparison 22 Oral prostaglandin vs vaginal prostaglandin: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
22.11
22.11. Analysis
Comparison 22 Oral prostaglandin vs vaginal prostaglandin: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
23.3
23.3. Analysis
Comparison 23 Oral prostaglandin vs vaginal prostaglandin: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
23.11
23.11. Analysis
Comparison 23 Oral prostaglandin vs vaginal prostaglandin: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
30.3
30.3. Analysis
Comparison 30 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all women, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
30.11
30.11. Analysis
Comparison 30 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
30.13
30.13. Analysis
Comparison 30 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
31.3
31.3. Analysis
Comparison 31 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
31.11
31.11. Analysis
Comparison 31 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
31.13
31.13. Analysis
Comparison 31 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
32.3
32.3. Analysis
Comparison 32 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
32.11
32.11. Analysis
Comparison 32 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
32.13
32.13. Analysis
Comparison 32 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all primiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
33.3
33.3. Analysis
Comparison 33 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
33.11
33.11. Analysis
Comparison 33 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
33.13
33.13. Analysis
Comparison 33 Oral prostaglandin vs intracervical prostaglandin: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
40.1
40.1. Analysis
Comparison 40 Oral prostaglandin vs all oxytocin regimens: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
40.2
40.2. Analysis
Comparison 40 Oral prostaglandin vs all oxytocin regimens: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
40.3
40.3. Analysis
Comparison 40 Oral prostaglandin vs all oxytocin regimens: all women, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
50.1
50.1. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
50.2
50.2. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate chnages.
50.3
50.3. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
50.5
50.5. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.
50.8
50.8. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
50.10
50.10. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
50.11
50.11. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
50.12
50.12. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
50.13
50.13. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
50.14
50.14. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
50.16
50.16. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 16 Perinatal death.
50.20
50.20. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
50.21
50.21. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
50.22
50.22. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 22 Gastrointestinal effects.
50.23
50.23. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
50.26
50.26. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.
50.27
50.27. Analysis
Comparison 50 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, Outcome 27 Caregiver not satisfied.
52.3
52.3. Analysis
Comparison 52 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
52.8
52.8. Analysis
Comparison 52 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
52.11
52.11. Analysis
Comparison 52 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
52.13
52.13. Analysis
Comparison 52 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar scrore < 7 at 5 minutes.
52.22
52.22. Analysis
Comparison 52 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 22 Gastrointestinal effects.
52.23
52.23. Analysis
Comparison 52 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
54.3
54.3. Analysis
Comparison 54 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, intact membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
54.8
54.8. Analysis
Comparison 54 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, intact membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
54.11
54.11. Analysis
Comparison 54 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, intact membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
54.13
54.13. Analysis
Comparison 54 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, intact membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
54.23
54.23. Analysis
Comparison 54 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, intact membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
55.3
55.3. Analysis
Comparison 55 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, intact membranes, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
55.8
55.8. Analysis
Comparison 55 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, intact membranes, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
55.11
55.11. Analysis
Comparison 55 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, intact membranes, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
55.13
55.13. Analysis
Comparison 55 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, intact membranes, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar scrore < 7 at 5 minutes.
55.19
55.19. Analysis
Comparison 55 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, intact membranes, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 19 Postpartum haemorrhage.
55.22
55.22. Analysis
Comparison 55 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, intact membranes, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 22 Gastrointestinal effects.
56.1
56.1. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
56.2
56.2. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
56.3
56.3. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
56.8
56.8. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
56.10
56.10. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
56.11
56.11. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
56.12
56.12. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
56.13
56.13. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
56.14
56.14. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
56.20
56.20. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
56.21
56.21. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
56.23
56.23. Analysis
Comparison 56 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
57.2
57.2. Analysis
Comparison 57 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
57.3
57.3. Analysis
Comparison 57 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
57.8
57.8. Analysis
Comparison 57 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
57.10
57.10. Analysis
Comparison 57 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
57.11
57.11. Analysis
Comparison 57 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instumental vaginal delivery.
57.12
57.12. Analysis
Comparison 57 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
57.14
57.14. Analysis
Comparison 57 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
57.20
57.20. Analysis
Comparison 57 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
57.23
57.23. Analysis
Comparison 57 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
58.3
58.3. Analysis
Comparison 58 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
58.11
58.11. Analysis
Comparison 58 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
60.2
60.2. Analysis
Comparison 60 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primaparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
60.3
60.3. Analysis
Comparison 60 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primaparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
60.8
60.8. Analysis
Comparison 60 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primaparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
60.10
60.10. Analysis
Comparison 60 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primaparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
60.11
60.11. Analysis
Comparison 60 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primaparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
60.12
60.12. Analysis
Comparison 60 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primaparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
60.14
60.14. Analysis
Comparison 60 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primaparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
60.20
60.20. Analysis
Comparison 60 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primaparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
60.23
60.23. Analysis
Comparison 60 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all primaparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
62.2
62.2. Analysis
Comparison 62 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
62.3
62.3. Analysis
Comparison 62 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
62.8
62.8. Analysis
Comparison 62 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
62.11
62.11. Analysis
Comparison 62 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
62.12
62.12. Analysis
Comparison 62 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
62.14
62.14. Analysis
Comparison 62 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
62.20
62.20. Analysis
Comparison 62 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 20 Vomiting.
62.23
62.23. Analysis
Comparison 62 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
63.1
63.1. Analysis
Comparison 63 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all multiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 1 Cesarean section.
63.2
63.2. Analysis
Comparison 63 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin: all multiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 2 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
65.2
65.2. Analysis
Comparison 65 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin; all multiparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
65.3
65.3. Analysis
Comparison 65 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin; all multiparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
65.8
65.8. Analysis
Comparison 65 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin; all multiparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
65.10
65.10. Analysis
Comparison 65 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin; all multiparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
65.11
65.11. Analysis
Comparison 65 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin; all multiparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
65.12
65.12. Analysis
Comparison 65 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin; all multiparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
65.14
65.14. Analysis
Comparison 65 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin; all multiparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
65.20
65.20. Analysis
Comparison 65 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin; all multiparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
65.23
65.23. Analysis
Comparison 65 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin; all multiparae, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
67.3
67.3. Analysis
Comparison 67 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
67.8
67.8. Analysis
Comparison 67 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
67.10
67.10. Analysis
Comparison 67 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
67.11
67.11. Analysis
Comparison 67 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
67.13
67.13. Analysis
Comparison 67 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
67.20
67.20. Analysis
Comparison 67 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
67.21
67.21. Analysis
Comparison 67 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
67.23
67.23. Analysis
Comparison 67 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
68.3
68.3. Analysis
Comparison 68 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, variable or undefined, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
68.8
68.8. Analysis
Comparison 68 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, variable or undefined, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
68.11
68.11. Analysis
Comparison 68 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, variable or undefined, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
68.13
68.13. Analysis
Comparison 68 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, variable or undefined, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
68.23
68.23. Analysis
Comparison 68 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, variable or undefined, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
69.3
69.3. Analysis
Comparison 69 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
69.10
69.10. Analysis
Comparison 69 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
69.11
69.11. Analysis
Comparison 69 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
69.13
69.13. Analysis
Comparison 69 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
69.20
69.20. Analysis
Comparison 69 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 20 Vomiting.
69.21
69.21. Analysis
Comparison 69 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
69.23
69.23. Analysis
Comparison 69 Oral prostaglandin vs intravenous oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
70.1
70.1. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
70.2
70.2. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
70.3
70.3. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
70.4
70.4. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 4 Serious perinatal morbidity/perinatal death.
70.7
70.7. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 7 Oxytocin augmentation.
70.8
70.8. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
70.11
70.11. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
70.13
70.13. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
70.16
70.16. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 16 Perinatal death.
70.19
70.19. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 19 Nausea.
70.20
70.20. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
70.23
70.23. Analysis
Comparison 70 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
71.3
71.3. Analysis
Comparison 71 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin:all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
71.7
71.7. Analysis
Comparison 71 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin:all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 7 Oxytocin augmentation.
71.11
71.11. Analysis
Comparison 71 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin:all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
71.13
71.13. Analysis
Comparison 71 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin:all women, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
72.2
72.2. Analysis
Comparison 72 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
72.3
72.3. Analysis
Comparison 72 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
72.8
72.8. Analysis
Comparison 72 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
72.11
72.11. Analysis
Comparison 72 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
72.19
72.19. Analysis
Comparison 72 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 19 Nausea.
72.20
72.20. Analysis
Comparison 72 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
73.1
73.1. Analysis
Comparison 73 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
73.2
73.2. Analysis
Comparison 73 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
73.3
73.3. Analysis
Comparison 73 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
73.8
73.8. Analysis
Comparison 73 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes.
73.11
73.11. Analysis
Comparison 73 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
73.16
73.16. Analysis
Comparison 73 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 16 Perinatal death.
73.20
73.20. Analysis
Comparison 73 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
73.23
73.23. Analysis
Comparison 73 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all women, ruptured membranes, variable or undefined cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
74.3
74.3. Analysis
Comparison 74 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
74.11
74.11. Analysis
Comparison 74 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
74.20
74.20. Analysis
Comparison 74 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
75.3
75.3. Analysis
Comparison 75 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
75.11
75.11. Analysis
Comparison 75 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
75.20
75.20. Analysis
Comparison 75 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin: all primiparae, unfavorable cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
80.1
80.1. Analysis
Comparison 80 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
80.2
80.2. Analysis
Comparison 80 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
80.3
80.3. Analysis
Comparison 80 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
80.6
80.6. Analysis
Comparison 80 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavorable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.
80.7
80.7. Analysis
Comparison 80 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 7 Oxytocin augmentation.
80.11
80.11. Analysis
Comparison 80 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
80.12
80.12. Analysis
Comparison 80 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
80.13
80.13. Analysis
Comparison 80 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
80.20
80.20. Analysis
Comparison 80 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
80.21
80.21. Analysis
Comparison 80 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
80.23
80.23. Analysis
Comparison 80 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
81.1
81.1. Analysis
Comparison 81 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
81.2
81.2. Analysis
Comparison 81 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
81.6
81.6. Analysis
Comparison 81 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavorable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.
81.7
81.7. Analysis
Comparison 81 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 7 Oxytocin augmentation.
81.11
81.11. Analysis
Comparison 81 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
81.12
81.12. Analysis
Comparison 81 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
81.20
81.20. Analysis
Comparison 81 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
81.21
81.21. Analysis
Comparison 81 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
81.23
81.23. Analysis
Comparison 81 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, favorable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
82.1
82.1. Analysis
Comparison 82 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
82.2
82.2. Analysis
Comparison 82 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
82.6
82.6. Analysis
Comparison 82 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavorable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.
82.7
82.7. Analysis
Comparison 82 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 7 Oxytocin augmentation.
82.11
82.11. Analysis
Comparison 82 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
82.12
82.12. Analysis
Comparison 82 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
82.20
82.20. Analysis
Comparison 82 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
82.21
82.21. Analysis
Comparison 82 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
82.23
82.23. Analysis
Comparison 82 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all women, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
83.1
83.1. Analysis
Comparison 83 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
83.2
83.2. Analysis
Comparison 83 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
83.20
83.20. Analysis
Comparison 83 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
83.21
83.21. Analysis
Comparison 83 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
83.23
83.23. Analysis
Comparison 83 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
84.1
84.1. Analysis
Comparison 84 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, favorable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
84.2
84.2. Analysis
Comparison 84 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, favorable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
84.20
84.20. Analysis
Comparison 84 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, favorable cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
84.21
84.21. Analysis
Comparison 84 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, favorable cervix, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
84.23
84.23. Analysis
Comparison 84 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, favorable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
85.1
85.1. Analysis
Comparison 85 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
85.2
85.2. Analysis
Comparison 85 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
85.20
85.20. Analysis
Comparison 85 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
85.21
85.21. Analysis
Comparison 85 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
85.23
85.23. Analysis
Comparison 85 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all primiparae, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
86.1
86.1. Analysis
Comparison 86 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy : all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
86.2
86.2. Analysis
Comparison 86 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy : all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
86.20
86.20. Analysis
Comparison 86 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy : all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 20 Vomiting.
86.21
86.21. Analysis
Comparison 86 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy : all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
86.23
86.23. Analysis
Comparison 86 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy : all multiparae (without previous cesarean section), Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
87.1
87.1. Analysis
Comparison 87 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae, favorable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
87.2
87.2. Analysis
Comparison 87 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae, favorable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
87.20
87.20. Analysis
Comparison 87 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae, favorable cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
87.21
87.21. Analysis
Comparison 87 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae, favorable cervix, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
87.23
87.23. Analysis
Comparison 87 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae, favorable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
88.1
88.1. Analysis
Comparison 88 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
88.2
88.2. Analysis
Comparison 88 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes.
88.20
88.20. Analysis
Comparison 88 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
88.21
88.21. Analysis
Comparison 88 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
88.23
88.23. Analysis
Comparison 88 Oral prostaglandin vs oral oxytocin with amniotomy: all multiparae, intact membranes, favorable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
90.3
90.3. Analysis
Comparison 90 Oral prostaglandin high/incremental dose vs oral prostaglandin low dose: all women, Outcome 3 Cesarean section.
90.6
90.6. Analysis
Comparison 90 Oral prostaglandin high/incremental dose vs oral prostaglandin low dose: all women, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavorable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.
90.11
90.11. Analysis
Comparison 90 Oral prostaglandin high/incremental dose vs oral prostaglandin low dose: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
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References

References to studies included in this review

Beard 1975 {published data only}
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Golbus 1977 {published data only}
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Mathews 1976 {published data only}
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Paul 1992 {unpublished data only}
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Ratnam 1974 {published data only}
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Read 1974 {published data only}
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Ulstein 1979 {published data only}
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Valentine 1977 {published data only}
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Westergaard 1983 {published data only}
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Amano 1999 {published data only}
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Bloch 1975 {published data only}
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Borisov 1985 {published data only}
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Bremme 1980 {published data only}
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Bremme 1984 {published data only}
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Bremme 1987 {published data only}
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Browne 1988 {published data only}
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Davies 1991 {published data only}
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Friedman 1974 {published data only}
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Friedman 1975a {published data only}
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Friedman 1975b {published data only}
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Haeri 1976 {published data only}
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Ismail 1989 {published data only}
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Johnstone 1987 {unpublished data only}
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Lange 1982 {published data only}
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Lorrain 1982 {published data only}
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Lykkesfeldt 1979 {published data only}
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Makary 1990 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Miller 1975 {published data only}
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Mokgokong 1976 {published data only}
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Nassief 1996 {published data only}
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Obel 1975 {published data only}
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Pearce 1977 {published data only}
    1. Pearce DJ. Pre‐induction priming of the uterine cervix with oral prostaglandin E2 and a placebo. Prostaglandins 1977;14:571‐6. - PubMed
Pulle 1986 {published data only}
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Samal 2000 {published data only}
    1. Samal S, Gupta U, Kumar SP, Agarwal P. A comparative study of oral prostaglandin (PGE2) & intravenous oxytocin in induction of labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2000;50(3):49‐51.
Sivasuriya 1978 {published data only}
    1. Sivasuriya M, Tan KL, Salmon YM, Karim SMM. Neonatal serum bilirubin levels in spontaneous and induced labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1978;85:619‐23. - PubMed
Somell 1983 {published data only}
    1. Somell C, Larsson B. Priming and induction of labor with oral PGE2 in patients with low Bishop score. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1983;62:315‐20. - PubMed
Soni 2000 {published data only}
    1. Soni M, Sachdeva L. Induction of labour with oral PGE2 and its comparison with intravenous oxytocin. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2000;50(6):51‐3.
Suzuki 2000 {published data only}
    1. Suzuki S, Otsubo Y, Sawa R, Yoneyama Y. Clinical trial of induction of labor versus expectant management in twin pregnancy. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2000;49:24‐7. - PubMed
Thiery 1977 {published data only}
    1. Thiery M, Benijts G, Martens G, Yo Le Sian A, Amy JJ, Derom R. A comparison of buccal (oromucosal) and oral prostaglandin E2 for the elective induction of labor. Prostaglandins 1977;14:371‐9. - PubMed
Weiss 1975 {published data only}
    1. Weiss RR, Tejani N, Israeli I, Evans MI, Bhakthavathsalan A, Mann LI. Priming of the uterine cervix with oral prostaglandin E2 in the term multigravida. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1975;46:181‐4. - PubMed
Yacoob 1993 {published data only}
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Yeung 1977 {published data only}
    1. Yeung KK, Pang JCK. Oral prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha in the induction of labour. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1977;17:32‐5. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Bremme 1980a {published data only}
    1. Bremme K, Bygdeman M. A comparative study of uterine activity and fetal heart rate pattern in labor induced with oral prostaglandin E2 or oxytocin. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 1980;92:23‐9. - PubMed
Bremme 1980b {published data only}
    1. Bremme K, Bygdeman M. Induction of labor by oxytocin or prostaglandin E2. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplementum 1980;92:11‐21. - PubMed
Bremme 1982 {published data only}
    1. Bremme K, Nilsson B. Prediction of time to delivery in labour induced with oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or intravenous oxytocin (OXY), both in combination with early amniotomy. Proceedings of 8th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine; 1982 Sept 7‐10; Brussels, Belgium. 1982:Abstract no: 86.
Bremme 1984a {published data only}
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Marzouk 1975 {published data only}
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Murray 1975 {published data only}
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Additional references

Alfirevic 2006
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