Frequency of renal phosphate leak among patients with calcium nephrolithiasis

Abstract

Background: Nephrolithiasis is a frequent disorder affecting 10 to 15% of the population in Europe and the United States. More than 80% of renal stones are made of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. The main identified risks for calcium renal stone formation are hypercalciuria and urinary saturation. A urine phosphate (Pi) loss is often associated with hypercalciuria; furthermore, hyperphosphaturia increases urinary saturation.

Methods: To determine whether urinary phosphate loss is associated with calcium urolithiasis, we measured renal Pi threshold (TmPi) in 207 stone formers with normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) serum concentration and in 105 control subjects.

Results: The TmPi followed a normal distribution in both groups. The mean TmPi was significantly lower in stone formers versus controls (0.72 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.87 +/- 0.18 mmol/L, P < 0.0001) because of a shift to the left of the TmPi distribution curve in the stone former population, with no evidence for bimodal distribution. Five percent of the controls had a TmPi <0.63 versus 19% of the stone formers. Daily urinary calcium excretion was significantly higher in stone formers than in controls. Calcium excretion was also significantly higher in stone formers with TmPi <0.63 mmol/L compared with those with TmPi > or =0.63. Serum PTH and ionized calcium concentrations were not different in stone formers and in control subjects, whatever the TmPi value.

Conclusions: : A low TmPi is more frequently encountered in stone formers with a normal PTH concentration than in control subjects and is associated with a high urinary Ca excretion. The hypophosphatemia induced by a renal phosphate leak may predispose the subject to calcium stone formation by increasing the serum calcitriol level, calcium excretion, and urinary saturation.