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. 2001 May;9(2):179-87, vii.

Anatomy and pathophysiology of facial aging

M S Zimbler  1 , M S Kokoska, J R Thomas
Affiliations
  • PMID: 11457684

Anatomy and pathophysiology of facial aging

M S Zimbler et al. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2001 May.

Abstract

The major forces responsible for facial aging include gravity, soft tissue maturation, skeletal remodeling, muscular facial activity, and solar changes. This article discusses the anatomy and pathophysiology of facial aging by defining the affects of the aging process on the skeletal structure, skin, and musculature. How these changes affect the upper, mid, and lower thirds of the aging face is then examined.

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