The impact of smoking status, disease stage, and index tumor site on second primary tumor incidence and tumor recurrence in the head and neck retinoid chemoprevention trial

Abstract

Second primary tumors (SPTs) develop at an annual rate of 3-7% in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). In a previous Phase III study, we observed that high doses of 13-cis-retinoic acid reduced the SPT rate in this disease. In 1991, we launched an intergroup, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose 13-cis-retinoic acid in the prevention of SPTs in patients with stage I or II squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, oral cavity, or pharynx who had been previously successfully treated with surgery, radiotherapy, or both, and whose diagnoses had been established within 36 months of study entry. As of September 16, 1999, the Retinoid Head and Neck Second Primary (HNSP) Trial had completed accrual with 1384 registered patients and 1191 patients randomized and eligible. All of the patients were followed for survival, SPT development, and index cancer recurrence. Smoking status was assessed at study entry and during study. Smoking cessation was confirmed biochemically by measurement of serum cotinine levels. The annual rate of SPT development was analyzed in terms of smoking status and tumor stage. As of May 1, 2000, SPTs have developed in 172 patients. Of these, 121 (70.3%) were tobacco-related SPTs, including 113 in the aerodigestive tract (57 lung SPTs, 50 HNSCC SPTs, and 6 esophageal SPTs) and 8 bladder SPTs. The remaining 51 cases included 23 prostate adenocarcinomas, 8 gastrointestinal malignancies, 6 breast cancers, 3 melanomas, and 11 other cancers. The annual rate of SPT development observed in our study has been 5.1%. SPT development related to smoking status was marginally significant (active versus never, 5.7% versus 3.5%; P = 0.053). Significantly different smoking-related SPT development rates were observed in current, former, and never smokers (annual rate = 4.2%, 3.2%, and 1.9%, respectively, overall P = 0.034; current versus never smokers, P = 0.018). Stage II HNSCC had a higher overall annual rate of SPT development (6.4%) than did stage I disease (4.3%; P = 0.004). When evaluating the development of smoking-related SPTs, stage was also highly significant (4.8% for stage II versus 2.7% for stage I; P = 0.001). Smoking-related SPT incidence was significant for site as well (larynx versus oral cavity, P = 0.015; larynx versus pharynx, P = 0.011). Primary tumors recurred at an annual rate of 2.8% in a total of 97 patients. The rate of recurrence was higher in patients with stage II disease (4.1% versus 2.2%, P = 0.004) as well as oral cavity site when compared with larynx (P = 0.002). This is the first large-scale prospective chemoprevention study evaluating smoking status and its impact on SPT development and recurrence rate in HNSCC. The results indicate significantly higher SPT rates in active smokers versus never smokers and significantly higher smoking-related SPT rates in active smokers versus never smokers, with intermediate rates for former smokers.