[Health promotion indicators - selected model approaches]

Abstract

The aim of the paper is to present the problem, how to find the optimal set of indicators necessary in the different phases of planning, programming and evaluation of health promotion programmes. In health promotion the application of classic health measurements is limited, because they are not related to "positive health". Moreover, time perspective when effects of promotion could appear is difficult to define. Some model approaches are presented. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is recognised as a robust framework in health promotion. This model provides a continuous series of steps and phases in planning, implementation and evaluation process. Some authors recommend already in the early phase of programming to draw a diagram showing a relationship between the objectives, activities, indicators and resources. In the process of evaluation it seems very important for health promotion initiatives to focus on the changes in human knowledge, attitudes and behaviours. For that reason models like KAP analysis (knowledge, attitudes, practice), HBM (Health Belief Model) and TTM (Transtheoretical Prochaska's model) are commonly applied. However, the- re is still a need to develop and choose indicators, which would consider environmental aspects of health promotion and link local actions with national health promotion policy.