TEM-EDX study of mechanism of bonelike apatite formation on bioactive titanium metal in simulated body fluid

Abstract

Bioactive titanium metal, which forms a bonelike apatite layer on its surface in the body and bonds to the bone through the apatite layer, can be prepared by NaOH and heat treatments to form an amorphous sodium titanate layer on the metal. In the present study, the mechanism of apatite formation on the bioactive titanium metal has been investigated in vitro. The metal surface was examined using transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry as a function of the soaking time in a simulated body fluid (SBF) and complemented with atomic emission spectroscopy analysis of the fluid. It was found that, immediately after immersion in the SBF, the metal exchanged Na(+) ions from the surface sodium titanate with H(3)O(+) ions in the fluid to form Ti-OH groups on its surface. The Ti-OH groups, immediately after they were formed, incorporated the calcium ions in the fluid to form an amorphous calcium titanate. After a long soaking time, the amorphous calcium titanate incorporated the phosphate ions in the fluid to form an amorphous calcium phosphate with a low Ca/P atomic ratio of 1.40. The amorphous calcium phosphate thereafter converted into bonelike crystalline apatite with a Ca/P ratio of 1.65, which is equal to the value of bone mineral. The initial formation of the amorphous calcium titanate is proposed to be a consequence of the electrostatic interaction of negatively charged units of titania, which are dissociated from the Ti-OH groups, with the positively charged calcium ions in the fluid. The amorphous calcium titanate is speculated to gain a positive charge and to interact with the negatively charged phosphate ions in the fluid to form the amorphous calcium phosphate, which eventually stabilizes into bonelike crystalline apatite.